The United States & China: More than Two Centuries of History

1. The United States & China:More than Two Centuries of History Roderick Wilson UW-Whitewater

2. Warm-up Q&A • What time is it in Beijing right now? • What was the Forbidden City? • What city in China was the first trading headquarters for Westerners? • For which three exports was China known in the 18th and 19th centuries? • During the late 19th century, what U.S. city became the center of trade between China and the U.S.? • What commodity did the British smuggle into China in the 19th century?

3. Which is the longest? • Yangzi River • Yellow River • Great Wall

4. Which is the longest? The Great Wall (Wanli Changcheng 萬里長城) 5,530 miles

5. Yangzi River (Chang Jiang 長江) 3,960 miles Which is the longest? Upstream in Yunnan Province Three Gorges Dam Downstream near Shanghai

6. Yellow River (Huang He 黄河) 3,960 miles Which is the longest? Midstream Downstream Upstream Flooding Yellow River is “China’s sorrow”

7. Ancient China (3000-246 BCE) Xia (3000-1600 BCE) Shang (1600-1046 BCE) Western Zhou (1046-771 BCE) Eastern Zhou (770-246 BCE) Imperial China (221 BCE-1911 CE) Early Imperial Qin (221-206 BCE) Han (206 BCE - 220 CE) Six dynasties (220-589) Mid Imperial Sui (581-618): Tang (618-907) Song (960-1279) Yuan (1271-1388) Late Imperial Ming (1368-1644) Qing (1644-1911) Chinese history (the really big picture) Modern China (1911-present) • Republican period (1911-1949) • Peoples Republic of China (1949-present) • Taiwan (Republic of China, 1949-present)

8. Shang (1600-1046 BCE) Zhou (1046-246 BCE)

9. Han (206 BCE - 220 CE)

10. Six dynasties (220-589 CE)

11. Tang (618-907)

12. Song (960-1279)

13. Yuan (1271-1388)

14. Ming (1368-1644)

15. Qing (1644-1911)

19. China, the “middle kingdom”(中国), at the center

20. Ethnic diversity of China today 56 officially recognized groups • Han majority (1.2 billion) • Zhuang (18 million) • Manchu (10 million) • Hui (10 million) • Miao (9 million) • Uighurs (11.4 million) • Yi (8 million) • Tujia (5.8 million) • Mongols (5.8 million) • Tibetans (5.4 million) • Buyei (3 million) • Korean (2 million)

21. Americans in the Canton Trade • 1783: U.S. and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris officially ending the Revolutionary War • 1784: Empress of China opens trade between the U.S. and China • American financiers sought to revive tea trade by exporting pelts, cloth, and ginseng to China • 1786: 15 U.S. ships hailed at Canton to trade for tea, silk, and porcelains (“china”) Empress of China leaving New York City 1784

22. Americans in the Canton Trade • 1787: Boston ship Columbia carried sea-otter pelts from Pacific Northwest to China; bought tea and sold it in Boston • Problem for US traders: Chinese wanted silver more than ginseng or pelts The Columbia off Vancouver Island 1789

23. Spice and silk routes between Europe and Asia

24. Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul King John Sigismund of Hungry with Suleiman, 1556 Ottoman fleet in Indian Ocean, 16th century Ottoman Empire, 1299-1922

25. Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (1542-1605) Red Fort in Dehli, India (begun in 1638) Taj Mahal (begun in 1632) Mughal Empire, 1526-1858

26. 1492 Catholic Reconquista of Muslim lands on Iberian peninsula Alhambra Decree expelling Jews from Iberian peninsula, expanding the Spanish Inquisition Christopher Columbus set sail for the Indies

27. Start of European imperialism Primary aims (3Ms) Missionaries: Spread Christianity Military: Conquer new territories Merchants: Find spices and precious metals

28. 16th-18th century global silver trade Spanish Manila galleon Silver bullion Growing popularity of tea in Europe

29. Europe’s pre-industrial empires Europe's land-based colonies focused on the Americas Elsewhere, mostly limited to sea lanes and islands

30. Manchu rule of China, 1644-1911 • Manchu invaded and overthrew the Ming dynasty in 1644 • Qing established a multiethnic empire Manchu queue Han footbinding Manchu bannerman Tibetan potala

31. Kangxi Emperor (1654-1722 r. 1661-1722) Manchu rule of China • Three powerful, competent emperors Yongzhen Emperor (1678-1735, r. 1722-1735) Qianlong Emperor (1711-1799, r. 1735-1796)

32. Goods produced in Britain sold in India and elsewhere for silver Silver shipped to Canton to buy tea, silk, porcelain China goods shipped and sold in Britain where manufactured goods were bought porcelain The Canton Trade, 1700-1842 tea silk tea boom cotton cloth exports silver

33. The Canton Trade Oceangoing East Indiamen, Tea Clippers, Opium Clippers, China Clippers Gain permit at Macau Pass forts at Bocca Tigris Transfer cargo at Whampoa Unload in Canton

34. The Praya Grande at Macau, c. 1810

35. Bocca Tigris (Tiger’s mouth), c. 1810

36. Whampoa Anchorage near Guangzhou (Canton), c. 1810

37. Shipping on the Pearl River near Guangzhou (Canton), c. 1780

38. Foreign factories (storehouses) at Guangzhou (Canton), 1800

39. Britain’s Macartney mission fails to gain concessions from Qing, 1793

40. British East India Company in India

41. The Opium Trade, 1760s-1842 (Another kind of triangular trade) Opium produced in India shipped to Canton for sale Tea, silk, porcelain bought in Canton shipped to Britain China goods sold in Britain where manufactured goods are bought and shipped to India silver porcelain tea silk tea boom cotton cloth exports poppy opium

42. Guangzhou (Canton), c. 1840

43. Guangzhou (Canton), c. 1836

44. Rising opium imports into China Opium warehouse in Patna, India (1882)

45. Growing opium culture

46. The Opium War, 1839-1842 Years in which the Qing emperor issued edicts prohibiting the importing of opium: 1796, 1800, 1813, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1828, 1829, 1831, 1832, 1834, 1835, 1838, and 1839 Lin Zexu orders blockade of foreign “factories” at Canton (Guangdong) 1838 letter from Commissioner Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom requesting that British merchants stop importing opium into China Commissioner Lin Zexu seized and destroyed 21,000 chests (2.6 million pounds) of raw opium from foreign merchants

47. Statue of Commissioner Lin Zexu Chatham Square, East Broadway, NYC

48. The Opium War, 1839-1842 The steamship Nemesis destroying Chinese junksduring the Opium War, 1841

49. The Opium War, 1839-1842 • The British fleet • 16 warships w/540 guns • 4 armed steamships (first use of steamships in battle) • 28 transport ships • 4,000 troops • 3,000 tons of coal • 16,000 gallons of rum • Captured important port cities • Blocked shipping traffic along the Grand Canal and Yangzi River

50. “Unequal” Treaty System 1842-3: The Treaty of Nanjing with U.K. 12 primary articles included: The opening of 5 ports Hong Kong to be “possessed in perpetuity” by Britain British merchants free to deal with “whatever person they please” Payment of $21 million (in Mexican silver dollars) Most-favored nation status Later tariffs set for tea, silk, cotton, etc. No mention of opium 1844: Treaty of Wangxia with U.S. Same but longer than the Treaty of Nanjing and included: Allowing Protestants to create hospitals, churches, and cemeteries Allowing for the study of Chinese (for missionaries) Extraterritoriality: Crimes by Americans to be tried and punished by consul courts (i.e., not in Qing courts) Unequal treaty first signed with Qing Empire, then imposed on Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Siam (Thailand), Ottoman Empire, etc. Signing of the Treaty of Nanjing