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AP European History

AP European History. Cold War Review. Bell Ringer: The Cold War…what was it?. The Cold War was a diplomatic crisis which occurred between the United States (and its Western bloc) and the USSR (and its Eastern bloc).

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AP European History

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  1. AP European History Cold War Review

  2. Bell Ringer: The Cold War…what was it? • The Cold War was a diplomatic crisis which occurred between the United States (and its Western bloc) and the USSR (and its Eastern bloc). • The Cold War resulted from a variety of disagreements and problems which surfaced after the end of WWII.

  3. Bell Ringer: Today’s assignment…some background reading… • Who started the cold war? Answer primary quotes excerpts. • Read viewpoint package answer questions that are provided. On a separate sheet of paper and in complete sentences.

  4. The Emergence of the Cold War…observations • American President Truman worked hard to avoid Russian intervention against Japan in World War II. – (partially the reason for the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?) • the Americans had the strongest military forces in the world but made no attempt to roll back Soviet power in Europe • America’s peacetime goals reflected American ideals and served American interests • the USSR wished to expand its borders and influence to ensure its security and pave the way for worldwide domination

  5. The “Iron Curtain” • 1946: Churchill called the Soviet domination of E. Europe the “Iron Curtain.” • Stalin held a series of unfair elections and coups to install communist puppets in most of the E. European nations. • Poland: 1947 • Czechoslovakia: 1948 • Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia: 1946-47

  6. Truman Doctrine: The West Takes a Stand • The USSR was supporting communist rebels in Greece & Turkey. • Truman asked Congress for money to aid the governments to withstand the rebels’ assaults. • This became the Truman Doctrine, stating that the US would provide aid to any free nation fighting off communism. • The Truman Doctrine became the basis of the US policy of “containment.”

  7. Military Alliances • The lines between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc were formally drawn with the creation of two alliances. • 1949: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): designed to protect W. Europe from Communist aggression • 1955: Warsaw Pact: designed to protect E. Europe from capitalist influence.

  8. The Marshall Plan • 1947-1951: The US provided $9.4 billion in economic assistance to Western Europe to help Europe rebuild after WWII. • This aid was provided, in part, so that western European nations could resist the pull of communism.

  9. Review: Truman’s Containment Policies • containment– resist Soviet expansion in the expectation that the USSR would eventually collapse from internal pressures and the burden of its foreign oppression • The Truman Doctrine– US pledged to support free people resisting oppression. • The Marshall Plan– Provided broad U.S. economic aid to European states as long as they work together for their mutual benefit. The Plan restored prosperity to Western Europe.

  10. Communists in Eastern Europe • Stalin formed Cominformamongst international communist parties in the effort to spread communism around the globe • after Soviets expelled the democratic government in Czechoslovakia it was clear that there would not be multiparty political systems in Eastern Europe

  11. The Division of Germany • The Big three agreed at Potsdam on the division of Germany. • Britain, France, the US, and the USSR each controlled one zone of occupation. • The western powers wanted to see the economic and political restructuring of Germany, while the USSR wanted to maintain Germany as a communist buffer state.

  12. Crisis in Germany • Spring, 1948: The western powers introduced a new currency into their zones and requested the reunification of the zones. • Stalin refused to allow a democratic Germany and withheld his zone from the German constitutional convention. • The western powers decided to proceed without him and continued to help Germany construct a new constitution.

  13. The Berlin Blockade • Stalin responded to western actions by blockading the city of West Berlin. • The allies responded to the blockade with a massive airlift which supplied the city for 321 days. • Stalin was forced to withdraw his blockade in 1949--a major defeat for the Soviets.

  14. The Postwar Division of Germany • the Russians dismantled the Germans in the east, while the other Allies favored rebuilding Germany in the west • Berlin Blockade– the Russians attempt to take over the capital city of Berlin, by blockading it from the Allies fails when the Allies airlift supplies into the city • Germany is split into two – the democratic West Germany or German Federal Republic and the communist East Germany or German Democratic Republic

  15. Map 29–2 OCCUPIED GERMANY AND AUSTRIA At the war’s end, defeated Germany, including Austria, was occupied by the victorious Allies in the several zones shown here. Austria, by prompt agreement, was reestablished as an independent, neutral state, no longer occupied. The German zones hardened into an “East” Germany (the former Soviet zone) and a “West” Germany (the former British, French, and American zones). Berlin, within the Soviet zone, was similarly divided.

  16. Map 29–8 THE BORDERS OF GERMANY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Map A shows the borders of imperial Germany at the outbreak of World War I. Map B shows the borders of Germany after the Versailles peace settlement. Map C shows the borders of Germany after Hitler’s invasion of the Rhineland, the Anschluss with Austria, the Munich Pact, the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the invasion of Poland. Map D illustrates the division of Germany into the German Federal Republic (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in the aftermath of World War II. Map E illustrates the borders of Germany after reunification in 1990.

  17. Welcome Back! • Bell Ringer: AP Review questions. How much do you remember! • Agenda and Objective: After AP review, through note and article review, students will identify important events and policies of the Cold War period.

  18. A.P. European HistoryOne Month until The Test Review!

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  39. Review…Name the Alliance Systems • the democratic nations of Western Europe along with Canada and the United States form an alliance of mutual assistance known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • the Council of Mutual Assistance (COMECON),completely controlled by the Soviets, is given formal recognition by the Warsaw Pact, which united the eastern European Communist nations • Cold War takes shape and ends up in flash points in the Middle East, Asia, and North America

  40. Map 29–3 MAJOR COLD WAR EUROPEAN ALLIANCE SYSTEMS The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which includes both Canada and the United States, stretches as far east as Turkey. By contrast, the Warsaw Pact nations were the contiguous Communist states of Eastern Europe, with the Soviet Union, of course, as the dominant member.

  41. A Jewish State is Created • British Balfour Declaration – Arthur Balfour, British Foreign Secretary declares that he favors the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine • Arabs, consider the Jews invaders and violent conflict emerges • The United Nations Resolution – 1947 – the British turn the area over to the United Nations who partition the Palestine area into two (one Arab and one Jewish) • May 14, 1948 – independence of a Jewish state, Israel is declared with the support of U.S. President Harry Truman • first prime minister was David Ben-Gurion • Arab nations; Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq immediately invade Israel but are defeated in 1949, as Israel expands its borders • Cold War implications – United States and Israel become firm allies, while the Soviet Union supports the Arabs

  42. Map 29–4 ISRAEL AND ITS NEIGHBORS IN 1949 The territories gained by Israel in 1949 did not secure peace in the region. In fact, the disposition of those lands and the Arab refugees who live there has constituted the core of the region’s unresolved problems to the present day.

  43. The Korean War • after World War II, Korea is divided into two; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north supported by the Soviet Union and the Republic of Korea in the south supported by the United States • North Korea invades the South by crossing the 38th parallel separating the countries • A U.N. sponsored action has mainly the United States helping defend South Korea • China helps support North Korea • President Eisenhower declares an armistice ending the war and keeping the borders the same to this very day

  44. The Soviet Union Under Khrushchev • Soviet Communist leader Nikita Khrushchevwanted to keep the dominance of the Communist Party but does reform some of Stalin’s policies • Khrushchev denounces Stalin’s policies and purges and removes Stalin supporters from the government without executing them

  45. Welcome Back! • Bell Ringer: With your primary source readings, explain Khrushchev's speech to your neighbor. • Agenda and Objective: Continue cold war notes!

  46. 1950s: Massive Retaliation & Peaceful Coexistence • 1953-55  U.S. policy of "massive retaliation" • U.S. vows to destroy USSR with nuclear weapons if it tries to expand • Brinksmanship – the art of going to the brink of war to force the other side to back down • Relations between USSR and U.S. improve with ascension to power of Nikita Khrushchev • Khruschcev sought “peaceful coexistence” with the West in order to focus on Soviet economy

  47. 1955 • 1955 • USSR agreed to real independence for a neutral Austria • Resulted in significant reduction in cold war tensions from 1955-1957 • 1955 Geneva Summit • US meets with USSR, Britain, & France to begin discussions on European security and disarmament • No agreements made

  48. The “Secret Speech”….what was it? • Feb 24-25, 1956 • In the speech, Khrushchev criticized actions taken by the regime of Joseph Stalin, particularly the purges of the military and the upper Party echelons, and the development of Stalin's personality cult, while maintaining support for the ideals of Communism by invoking Lenin. • Given in secret, it’s full text was not published until 1989, but the speech was leaked to the West beforehand.

  49. Key points • Before Stalin, the fight with the Trotskyites was purely ideological; Stalin introduced the notion of the "enemy of the people" to be used as "heavy artillery" • Stalin violated Party norms of collective leadership • Exaggerations of the role of Stalin in the Great Patriotic War (World War II) • Manifestations of personality cult: songs, city names, etc.

  50. The Three Crises of 1956 • The Suez Crisis – Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser goes to war with Israel and nationalizes the Suez Canal • the British and French intervene militarily, but the United States refuses to • Soviet Union protest about the military intervention, but also do not intervene • result was Egypt maintains control of the canal, while United States and the Soviet Union show constraint in attempting to avoid war • Polish independent action – Poland refuses Soviet choice for prime minister and put in Wladyslaw Gomulka as Communist leader of Poland / he ends up to be acceptable to the Soviets • Hungarian uprising • new ministry in Hungary led by Imre Nagy, wants to make the country neutral and out of the Warsaw Pact • Soviet troops invade Hungary, execute Nagy and put in Janos Kadar as premier

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