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Mini Quiz

Mini Quiz. 1) Which of the following are found in DNA and RNA? A) phosphate groups, guanine and cytosine B) phosphate groups, guanine and thymine C) deoxyribose , phosphate groups and guanine D) ribose, phosphate groups, and adenine

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Mini Quiz

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  1. Mini Quiz • 1) Which of the following are found in DNA and RNA? • A) phosphate groups, guanine and cytosine • B) phosphate groups, guanine and thymine • C) deoxyribose, phosphate groups and guanine • D) ribose, phosphate groups, and adenine 2) In living things, whether plant or animal, the source of hereditary instructions is A) DNA B) genetic vacuole C) rRNA D) ATP

  2. Mini-Quiz • 3) Which is in the shape of a double helix? • A) amino acid • B) ribonucleic acid • C) deoxyribonucleic acid • D) enzyme 4) Why is RNA important in the central dogma? A) RNA is the original copy of genetic information B) RNA is a smaller copy of DNA so that genetic information can leave the nucleus and travel to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm C) RNA speeds up chemical processes D) RNA is easier to read than DNA

  3. A.S.: What does this say? appropriateundergarmentsarerequiredandmustnotbevisibleshortswornunderpantsmaynotbevisibleundergarmentsmaynotbewornasoutergarmentssleepwearsuchaspajamabottomsarenotpermittedbicyclepantsorspandexpantsmaynotbewornwithoutappropriateoutergarments

  4. Back to Protein Synthesis… • Central Dogma: • Since the 1960’s, most scientists agree that protein synthesis occurs in this order: • DNA → RNA → PROTEIN

  5. RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID) The nucleic acid involved in making proteins.

  6. RNA STRUCTURE Composed of nucleotides, but differs from DNA in four ways. • Different number of strands – DNA has ___, RNA usually has ____ • Different sugars in the sugar-phosphate backbone – DNA has __________________, RNA has _____________ 3) One nitrogen base is different – DNA has A,T,C,G; RNA substitutes ____ for ____ 4) DNA always stays in the ________, RNA leaves the _________and goes to the _______________

  7. RNA FUNCTION 3 forms of RNA involved in protein synthesis 1. mRNA (messenger): copies instructions in DNA and carries these to the ribosome. 2. tRNA (transfer): carries amino acids to the ribosome. 3. rRNA (ribosomal): combines with other proteins to help make up the ribosome.

  8. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells build proteins following instructions coded in genes (DNA). • Consists of two steps, • transcription -write DNA code in the form of mRNA. • translation -convert language of mRNA (N-base codons) to language of protein (amino acids chain).

  9. Central dogma = protein synthesis • Steps? • 1) ________ to _________; takes place in the ______________ • Complete the complementary strand below if we are transcribing DNA into mRNA: • T T A C G G T A C T A G C T A G A A • ________________________________________ • 2) _______ to ___________; takes place at the ___________________

  10. Let’s see how it works…

  11. Nuclear membrane DNA Transcription Pre-mRNA RNA Processing mRNA Ribosome Translation Protein Translation - making proteins Eukaryotic Cell

  12. Let’s make a PROTEIN!.

  13. In translation… The ribosome reads three nitrogen bases at a time This is called a “codon” and the combination of three nitrogen bases codes for a particular amino acid

  14. mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G Protein Synthesis: Translation Large subunit P Site A Site Small subunit

  15. aa2 aa1 2-tRNA 1-tRNA G A U U A C anticodon A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA

  16. aa3 3-tRNA G A A peptide bond aa1 aa2 1-tRNA 2-tRNA anticodon U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA

  17. aa3 3-tRNA G A A aa1 peptide bond aa2 1-tRNA U A C (leaves) 2-tRNA G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

  18. aa4 4-tRNA G C U peptide bonds aa1 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA 3-tRNA G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA

  19. aa4 4-tRNA G C U peptide bonds aa1 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA G A U (leaves) 3-tRNA G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

  20. aa5 5-tRNA U G A peptide bonds aa1 aa2 aa4 aa3 3-tRNA 4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA

  21. aa5 5-tRNA U G A peptide bonds aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 3-tRNA G A A 4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

  22. aa5 aa4 aa199 aa200 aa3 primary structure of a protein aa2 aa1 terminator or stop codon 200-tRNA A C U C A U G U U U A G mRNA

  23. aa5 aa4 aa3 aa2 aa199 aa1 aa200 Protein Synthesis: Translation • The end product of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein. • A sequence of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds.

  24. Translation – animation

  25. Proteins have a 3 dimensional shape that helps determine their function…

  26. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS What’s the point of all this? “Gene Expression” The genetic code in DNA is converted to proteins, and these give us our traits (hair color, eye color, skin color, height, and so on) .

  27. Codons are read by the ribosome three at a time… • Normal: • THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT • Mistakes in replication are rare, but if a permanent change occurs in the DNA of a cell, it is called a MUTATION What is a reading frame?

  28. FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS INSERTIONS An extra is added to the DNA sequence Example: THE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA • DELETIONS • A nucleotide is lost from the DNA sequence • Example: • THB IGF ATC ATA TET HEW ETR AT

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