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Transcription and Translation: DNA to Protein Synthesis

Explore the central dogma of gene expression, from DNA transcription to mRNA translation in bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Learn about the role of ribosomes, tRNAs, genetic code, initiation, elongation, and termination in protein synthesis.

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Transcription and Translation: DNA to Protein Synthesis

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  1. Gene Expression: from DNA to protein • How is DNA transcribed to RNA? • In bacteria • In eukaryotic cells • How is mRNA translated to protein?

  2. Central dogma phenotype

  3. Transcription of RNA from DNA promoter 5’ 3’

  4. Ribosomes act as the workbench for translation E. coli ribosome; large subunit in pink; small subunit in blue

  5. tRNAs match amino acids to mRNA codons

  6. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases “charge” amino acids to the right tRNAs

  7. The universal genetic code

  8. Translation starts at first AUG from 5’ end

  9. Translation termination No tRNAs recognize stop codons. The ribosome stalls, and a release factor terminates translation.

  10. mRNA is translated to protein • Initiation: ribosomes bind to 5’ end of messenger RNA (mRNA), along with initiator Met-tRNA • Elongation: proceeds 5'  3' along mRNA, in 3-base increments (codons) • Polypeptide grows from N-terminus to C-terminus • Termination: at stop (nonsense) codon

  11. Prokaryotic gene expression http://statistics.arizona.edu/courses/EEB600A-2003/lectures/lecture24/lecture24.html

  12. Eukaryotic gene expression

  13. Pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes:addition of 5’ cap

  14. Pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes: splicing to remove introns

  15. Pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes: polyadenylation at 3’ end

  16. Animations of transcription and translation • Bioflix • Molecular visualization on YouTube: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls

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