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Digestion

1) HETEROTROPHIC LIFESTYLE * Heterotrophic = must obtain nutrients through organic moleculesa. Herbivore = plant eater - 1o consumerb. Carnivore = meat eater 2o consumerc. Omnivore = plant/meat eater 1o and 2o consumers d. Detritovore = detritus feeder recyclers"detritus = dead an

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Digestion

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    1. Digestion

    2. 1) HETEROTROPHIC LIFESTYLE * Heterotrophic = must obtain nutrients through organic molecules a. Herbivore = plant eater - 1o consumer b. Carnivore = meat eater 2o + consumer c. Omnivore = plant/meat eater 1o and 2o consumers d. Detritovore = detritus feeder recyclers detritus = dead and decaying material

    3. 2) DIGESTIVE TRACTS a. General function: i. Ingest food ii. Break food down into small molecules that can cross cell membranes iii. Absorb nutrients iv. Eliminate waste

    4. b. Incomplete ( single opening ) examples: i. Platyhelminthes (flatworms) ii. Cnidarians c. Complete ( 2 openings; mouth & anus ; specialized regions for digestion ) i. Mollusks iii. Arthropods ii. Annelids iv. Chordates

    8. d. Continuous vs. Discontinuous i. continuous = filter feeders ( no storage location ) ii. discontinuous = all others ( location for storage of food in digestive tract, caecum )

    9. 3) DENTITION ( Teeth ) a. Types i. INCISORS (front, middle) Chisel-shaped/ shearing ii. CANINES Pointed, conical/ ripping, tearing iii. PREMOLARS Semi-flat/ grinding iv. MOLARS Flattened/ crushing

    10. b. An indication of DIET i. herbivore / grazer sharp incisors, flat molars, premolars, reduced canines ii. carnivore / hunter sharp canines; enlarged molars and premolars- pointed, rough iii. omnivore / varied diet combination -> some flattened surfaces/some sharp, pointed surfaces

    13. 4) GENERAL DIGESTION

    14. Mouth http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/mouth_teeth.html Major Physical Action chew food/digest starch and form bolus (ball) Enzymes- salivary amylase Major Chemical Action - starch digestion Starch + H2O + sal. amylase-> maltose

    15. Taste Buds

    17. Salivary Gland Major Physical Action (3 of them) send juices to mouth through ducts Enzymes- salivary amylase Major Chemical Action - begins digestion of starch to form disaccharide maltose

    18. Pharynx Major Physical Action where digestive and respiratory systems come together then separate Epiglottis

    19. Esophagus p.786 Fig 43.7 Major Physical Action muscle in esophagus contracts rhythmically (peristalsis) to move the bolus to the gastroesophageal sphincter/ transports material to the stomach Enzymes already present in bolus Major Chemical Action N/A

    21. Stomach p.786-787 Major Physical Action food enters stomach/ contracts to mix food with juices that are secreted from the gastric gland/ lined with protective mucous Enzymes enzymes from gastric gland -> HCl and pepsin Major Chemical Action digestion occurs due to HCl and pepsin

    23. Gastric Gland Major Physical Action secretion of gastric juices into stomach Enzymes pepsin/HCl Major Chemical Action - produce gastric juices which contains HCl to kill bacteria/ pepsin -> acts on protein to produce Amino acids

    24. Small Intestine p.788 Major Physical Action functions in the digestion of chyme and absorption of nutrient molecules Enzymes alkaline mucous -> protects lining of intestine, peptidases, sucrase, maltase, lactase Major Chemical Action Starch -> maltose Peptidases split peptides -> amino acids Fat droplets -> glycerol and fatty acid

    27. Pancreas Major Physical Action controls digestive juices/ secretes insulin into duodenum (small intestine) Enzymes- pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase Major Chemical Action - Starch -> maltose Protein -> peptides Fat droplets -> glycerol and fatty acid

    28. Liver Major Physical Action produces bile, destroys old RBCs/converts hemoglobin to bilirubin and biliverdin, detoxifies blood Enzymes- bile, stores glucose, sends secretion to duodenum (small intestine) Major Chemical Action between meals, breaks down glycogen/ glucose breaks down fats (emulsification)

    31. Microvilli /Villi Major Physical Action absorb nutrients in small intestine from food into blood stream ->increase surface area Enzymes- trace amounts of digestive enzymes to do last minute breakdowns Major Chemical Action food breakdown just prior to absorption

    32. Large Intestine Major Physical Action reabsorbs H2O from chyme/ forms and stores feces until defecation Enzymes- secretion of mucous (alkaline) -> to neutralize chyme Major Chemical Action Protects wall of intestine from abrasion/ PH control/ aids in holding feces together

    33. Large Intestine Continued ~1.5 m long or 30 ft No villi Stores indigestable materials Absorb, H2O, salts and vitamins

    34. Anus Where waste leaves the body Major Physical Action digestive wastes leave the body Enzymes water, feces, bile pigments, fat Major Chemical Action feces 75% H2O 25% solid matter 1/3

    36. B Excretion 1) A matter of maintaining an ion and water balance in the body. 2) NITROGENOUS WASTES a. arise from the breakdown of amino acids b. end up with -NH2 which must be converted in order to be removed

    37. A - Ammonia (NH3) Aquatic invertebrates, bony fish, amphibian larvae B - Urea Adult amphibians, mammals C - Uric Acid Insects, birds, reptiles

    38. 3) FLAME CELLS a. Cilia in cells beat to expel wastes b. phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

    39. 4) SIMPLE DIFFUSION a. all cells are in contact with outside environments and therefore exchange wastes through the process of diffusion b. phylum Cnidaria

    40. 5) NEPHRIDIA ( kidney ) a. found in all body segments b. filtering system ( filter coelomic fluid ) nutrients are collected and re-absorbed, wastes excreted c. phylum Annelida ( segmented worms)

    42. 6) MALPIGHIAN TUBULES long, thin tubes attached to the gut b. uric acid flows into the tubules, then into gut c. nutrients are re-absorbed by the gut, wastes expelled d. phylum Arthropoda

    44. 7) TRUE KIDNEYS a. nephrons in kidney filter the blood / nutrients are re-absorbed b. form urine with wastes

    47. 1- Glomerular Filtration * total blood volume is filtered approximately every 40 minutes * Most water originally filtered out here is generally returned to the body

    48. 2 Tubular Reabsorption * Na+ is pumped into the peritubular cavities (Cl- follows) * with this higher concentration of ions outside, H2O follows by osmosis * some nutrients ( glucose, amino acids) re-absorbed here also * presence of microvilli and mitochondria make re-absorption possible

    49. 3 Tubular Secretion *mainly occurs in the distal convoluted tubule * rids the body of potentially harmful compounds

    50. c. nephron sketch: * unit of excretion in the kidney (found in the renal cortex) * one arteriole per nephron branches into capillaries in two places d. system: e. phylum Chordata ( Mammilia, Amphibia, Reptilia)

    51. 8) KEY IDEA: Why are excretory systems needed? Removal of TOXIC wastes is key Failure to remove wastes would cause organisms to poison themselves.

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