Endocrine and Reproductive Systems

1. Endocrine and Reproductive Systems HHS Biology

2. Endocrine System • Made up of glands that release their products into the blood stream • Deliver messages to the body

3. Functions • Sends chemical messages to many parts of the body to affect activities of cells like- • Controlling metabolism • Responding to stress • Regulate blood/glucose levels • And much, much more!

4. Hormones • Released from a gland • Travel through bloodstream • Affect activities of target cells in a different area • Specific receptors – target cells

5. Glands/Structure • Produce and release substance (secrete hormones) • Endocrine glands release hormones directly into bloodstream

6. Hypothalamus – makes hormones that control pituitary gland; makes hormones stored in pituitary gland

7. Pituitary Gland • Pituitary Gland – produces hormones that regulate many other endocrine glands

8. Parathyroid Glands • Parathyroid Glands – four glands; release parathyroid hormone to regulate level of calcium in the blood

9. Thymus • Thymus – in childhood releases thymosin to stimulate T cell development and proper immune response

11. Adrenal Glands – release epinephrine and norepinephrine to help in response to stress • Pineal Gland – releases melatonin involved in rhythmic activities like daily sleep-wake cycles

12. Thyroid – produces thyroxin to regulate metabolism throughout the body • Pancreas – produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose level

13. Adrenal Gland Kidney

14. Ovary – in females; produces estrogen and progesterone; estrogen is required for egg development; progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg

15. Testis – in males; produce testosterone which is responsible for sperm production and development

17. Hormone Action • Two general groups: steroid hormones and nonsteroid hormones

18. Steroid Hormones • Lipids • Cross cell membranes easily • Directly affect activities of cells

19. Non-steroid Hormones • Generally cannot pass through cell membranes • Bind to receptor cites on surface of target cell • Activates enzymes in cell (secondary messenger) to alter cell activities

20. Control • Endocrine system regulated by feedback mechanisms • Work similar to heating and cooling systems

21. Complimentary Hormones • Two hormones with opposite effects used to regulate internal environment • Analogous to break pedal and accelerator (gas pedal) in a car Which systems would be activated? Suppressed?

22. Reproductive System

23. Structures • Female – ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vagina • Male – scrotum, testis, epididymis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, urethra, penis

25. Functions • Female – Produce ova, prepare female body to nourish a developing embryo • Male – Produce and deliver sperm

26. Reproductive Glands • Gonads – ovaries and testes; produce gametes and secrete sex hormones • Mutations in chromosomes produced by gonads results in hereditary genetic diseases

27. Sexual Development • Puberty: rapid growth and sexual maturation; repro system becomes fully functional

28. Male Repro System • Sperm Development: • Produced in the seminiferous tubules  moved to the epididymis  thru the vas deferens  out the urethra

29. Male Repro System • Sperm Release: • When male is sexually aroused, autonomic nervous system prepares male organs to deliver sperm • Contractions of smooth muscle linings the gland ejects sperm from the penis • If released in repro tract of female, chances of fertilizing an egg, if available, is good

30. Female Repro System • Egg development in ovary • Follicle helps an egg mature for release • When meiosis finishes, single large haploid egg produced

31. Female Repro System • Egg release • When follicle has completely matured, egg released (ovulation) into fallopian tube • Passes through fallopian tube into uterus • Lining of uterus ready to receive fertilized egg • Outer end of uterus is cervix leading to vagina which leads outside of the body

32. Fertilization • Usually occurs in the fallopian tube • Happens if sperm meet with egg • Usually, hundreds of millions of sperm are released during ejaculation • Fertilized egg called zygote

33. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Spread from one to another during sexual contact • Viruses treatable, not curable; bacterial curable

34. Syphilis

35. Gonorrhea

36. Hepatitis B Liver Affected by HBV Liver Cancer Normal Liver

37. Genital Herpes

38. Genital Warts

39. HIV/AIDS