Reproductive Systems

1. Reproductive Systems

2. Objective: • Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system of livestock animals and poultry.

3. Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction • The methods of reproduction are broadly grouped into two main types: sexual and asexual. • Asexual: Reproduction occurs from a single living organism. • Sexual: Reproduction occurs from two living organisms.

4. Conditions required for reproduction • Male and Female gametes • Proper nutrition • Heat (estrus) • Libido (sex drive) • Successful copulation of same species • Union of egg and sperm • Successful gestation and parturition • Favorable environmental conditions

5. Reproductive Functions of Male and Female • BRAINSTORM

6. Reproductions Functions • Female 1. Produce gamete (ova/egg) • Ovulation – releases egg where fertilization can occur

7. Ovulation Rates (eggs per estrus)

8. Female Reproduction Functions continued 2. Develop embryo in uterus from fertilization to parturition (period of gestation) 3. Expel fully developed young

9. Female Reproduction Functions cont… • Produce milk (lactation) to nourish young

10. Male Reproduction Functions • To produce large number of viable sperm • To deliver sperm to the right place at the right time

11. Major Organs of the Reproductive System • Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which EGGS are formed and Progesterone and Estrogen hormones are produced. • Testes -- MALE reproductive gland that produces SPERM and TESTOSTERONE.

12. Oogenesis – process of making egg cells • Spermatogenesis – process of making sperm cells

13. Reproductive Terms • CHALK TALK • Zygote Embryo • Pregnancy Fertilization • Conception Ejaculation • Ovulation Sterility • Fertile Palpation • Gestation

14. Reproductive Terms • Zygote -- a cell formed by the union of EGG and SPERM at fertilization. • EMBRYO -- organism in early stages of development. • PREGNANCY -- carrying a fetus • Fertilization -- the union of the EGG and SPERM nuclei

15. Reproductive Terms • CONCEPTION - occurrence of fertilization • Ejaculation - a discharge of SEMEN from the male • Ovulation - release of an OVULE from the female. • STERILITY - Temporary or permanent inability to reproduce

16. Reproductive Terms • FERTILE - the ability to reproduce • PALPATION - Examination by feel • Gestation - the time from FERTILIZATION or conception of a female until she gives BIRTH

18. Female Reproductive Organs Structure

19. Female Reproductive Organs Function • Vulva -opening of reproductive tract • Vagina - channel for birth and copulation • Cervix - divides vagina and uterus • Uterus - provides nourishment for fetus • Horns of Uterus - where zygote implants • Fallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs • Infundibulum – funnels eggs from ovaries • Ovaries - produces eggs and hormones

20. Male Reproductive Organs Structure

21. Male Reproductive Organs Function • Testes - produce sperm and testosterone • Epididymis - collects and stores sperm • Vas deferens - transports sperm • Ampulla - temporary storage • Penis - places sperm in female • Urethra - transports urine

22. Male Reproductive Organs Function • Cowper's Gland - produces semen • Prostrate Gland - produces semen • Seminal Vesicle - produces semen • Retractor Penis Muscle – retracts penis • Scrotum - protects testes, maintains temp • Sheath - opening of reproductive tract • Spermatic cord - supports testes

25. The Estrous Cycle • 1. Estrus – period of time when female is receptive to the male and will stand for mating. Also known as “heat.” • 2. Metestrus – follows ESTRUS; period when the CORPUS LUTEUM (hormone-secreting growth) forms where the EGG was released from the OVARY. Ovulation usually occurs now.

26. The Estrous Cycle • 3. Diestrus – follows METESTRUS; period when the corpus luteum is FUNCTIONAL. Hormones released stimulate preparation of UTERUS for PREGNANCY. • 4. Proestrus – follows DIESTRUS; rapid FOLLICLE growth to prepare for next OVULATION.

28. Estrous Cycle

30. Average Estrous Cycles • Cows 21 days • Mares 21 days • Sows 21 days • Ewes 16 days • Include this on your table

31. Heat (Estrus) Detection -- • List ways to detect heat in each of the following species: • Cow or Heifer – • Mare – • Ewe – • Sow or Gilt –

32. Heat Detection: Ewe • It is very difficult to detect estrus without using a ram, since there are no outward physical signs or behavioral signs. • Vasectomized rams with marking harnesses are often used.

33. Heat Detection: Sow • swollen, red vulva; • increased activity and restlessness; • actively seeks out boars; • frequent urination; and • shows the immobility response. (When pressure is applied to the back, the sow or gilt will brace her legs and not move.)

34. Heat Detection: Cow • stands to be mounted by her herdmates when in "true heat"; • swollen vulva showing a thick, clear string of mucus; • nervousness, restlessness, vocalizations; and • lack of appetite.

35. Heat Detection: Mare • squatting with frequent urination and "winking" of the vulva after urination, and raising of the tail; • nervousness, irritability, and restlessness, • vocalizations, and • being more social by seeking out the stallion.