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Pollination, fertilization, seed and embryo formation

????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? Sperms ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? Eggs ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????

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Pollination, fertilization, seed and embryo formation

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    1. ?????? ????????

    2. ??????? ? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ? ?????? Pollination, fertilization, seed and embryo formation

    3. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? Sperms ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? Eggs ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????.

    4. ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? 11 ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????

    5. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? .

    8. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????: Embryo ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? (??????) ??????? ????? ???? ????? (??????) ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? (???????) ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? (??? ???? ?????) ??????? ?????? ?????? (??? ?????? ??????? ??????) ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? 15 ???? (??? ???????). ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????????: Storage Tissues ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???: ?) ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ?) ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??????? ???????: Seed ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? Testa ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????.

    9. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????: ???? ????? ??????: ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?- ???? ????? ??????: ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.

    10. ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????

    11. ????? ?????? Seed Storage ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????:

    12. 1- ???? ????? ????? Short-lived ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????. 2- ???? ?????? ????? Medium-lived ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? 2-3 ????? ??? ???? ??? 15 ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????. 3- ???? ????? ????? Long-lived ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? 15 – 20 ??? ??? ???? ?? 75 – 100 ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? 1000??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ? ?? ???2005 ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????2000 ??? ?? ???????.

    13. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? (?????? ??????? ??????). ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????– ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????: ??????? ?????? ?????? Parthenocarpy: ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? Embryo-abortion: ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????.

    14. ??????? ?????? : ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????  ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? .

    15. ????? ?????? Seed germination ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? , ????????? ????????? ????? . ???????? ???????? ??????? : ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? Imbibition  ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????  ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? Hydrated  ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? : ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? Stored food digestion  ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? .

    16. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???: ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???????. *  ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????.

    17. ????? ??????? Stages of germination ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??: ??????? ?????? (????? ?????? ?????): ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? (ATP) ?? ?????????? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????.

    18. ??????? ??????? (????? ??? ?????? ????????): ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??????? (????? ?????): ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????.

    21. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???: (?) ??????? ???????: ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????. (?) ??????? ??????: ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????.

    22. ???? ?????? Seed Deormancy ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????

    23. ????? ?????? ? - ?????? ??????:  Primary dormancy ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???????: Secondary dormancy ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????.

    24. ????: ?????? ?????? Promary dormancy ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???: 1- ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? :Seed coat dormancy  ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???: ?-?????? ???????: Physical dormancy ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????. ?-?????? ??????????: Mechanical dormancy ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? (???? ????.. ???). ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? (??????????) ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????.

    25. ?? - ?????? ????????? (?????? ??????? ???????): Chemical dormancy ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? (????????) ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? Coumarin  ???? ???????? abscisic acid. ?-  ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? Impermeability of seed coats to gases ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? 20?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? 4?. ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? Brown 1940?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????.

    26. 2- ?????? ???????????: Morphological dormancy ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????: ?-?????? ???????: ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????? magnolia ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? enemone ?????? ??????? ranunculus ????????? orchids. ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 15? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (?????? ?? ??????) ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????????.

    27. ?- ?????? ??? ?????? ????? : ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? Ericaceae ??? ????????. ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? 38- 40?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? 24 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? 1000??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????.

    28. 3- ?????? ??????????: Physiological dormancy ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? . ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? Khan 1971? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????????. ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? (????? ??????) ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????.

    29. 4-  ???? ??????: Embryo dormancy ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? (????? ????? ?????? Cold stratitication )???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? . ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? (2-7??) ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????(1-4 ???? )? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? .

    30. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????: 1-?????? ?????? ????? ?????????. 2- ????? ?????? ??????? (??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????). 3- ??????? ??????. 4- ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? (??? ????? ???????... ???) ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????.

    31. 5- ???? ??????? ???????? ??????: Epicotyl dormancy ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ??????: Double dormancy ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? (?????? ?? ????? ??????) ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????.

    32. ????? :  ?????? ??????? Secondary dormancy ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? gibberellic acid. ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.

    33. ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?- ????? ??????????: Mechanical searification ?- ????? ?? ????? ??????: Hot water scarification ??-   ???????? ????????: Acids scaritication ? -   ????? ??????: Warm moist scariffication ??-   ???????? ???????? ????????: High temperature scarification ?-    ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????: Harvesting immature fruits ?-    ????? ??????: Cold stratification ?-   ??? ??????: Leaching   ?-   ??????? ???? ?? ??????: Combination of treatments ?-   ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????: Daily alternation of tempeature: ?-   ????? ?????? ?????: Light exposure ?-    ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? Soaking in potassium nitrate solution ?-    ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????Hormones and /other chemical stimulants

    34. ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????:    ?????:  Water ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? 40- 60% (??? ???? ????? ??????). ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????.

    35. ?????:    ???????: Temperature ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??: ?-???? ??????? ??????: ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ?- ???? ??????? ??????: ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? 25- 30??. ??-   ???? ??????? ??????: ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????.

    36. ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???: ?- ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????: ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 25??. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ?? -    ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????: ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? 1-??? ?? ??? ?? ???? 15?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????... ???. ? -    ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????: ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? 10??.

    37. ?????:    ??????? Areation ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????. ????? ???????? 20% ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? 0.03% ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? 80% ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 0.03% ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? (? ?2) ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????- ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????.

    38. ?????:   ????? Light ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????- ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????- ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? Strangling Fig (Ficus aurea) ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? (?????? ???????) ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????.

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