Chapter 2: European Exploration and Settlement

1. Chapter 2: European Exploration and Settlement

2. Section 1 - Introduction • Marco Polo • Told stories of “The Indies” • Stated that there were riches but was too dangerous to travel by land • People started trying to figure out a way by water • They were scared • Unknown • World was flat – felt could sail off the Earth

3. Section 2: Spain Starts an Empire • Christopher Columbus • Wanted to get rich so decided to sail to the Indies • Needed money • Persuaded King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to give money • Sailed out and landed in the Caribbean. He found native and called them Indians because he thought he was in India.

4. Columbian Exchange • Transfer of people, plants, animals, and diseases back and forth across Atlantic • Europeans – Good, better diet and more riches • Native Americans – Bad, small pox and other diseases, some areas 90% wiped out

5. Slavery Comes to America • First slaves were Native Americans • Slaves were often people who lost wars and treated as property by their conquerors • When they died down African slave traders began trading Africans to the Europeans • Africans sold Africans because they wanted money • Slaves voyage was horrible, traveled on crowded, disease infested ships

6. Cortes Conquers Mexico • Hernan Cortes (1519) traveled to Mexico to claim it for Spain • Reached Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan and met the powerful Aztec tribes • Mistaken him for a god • Killed the Aztecs and put them into slavery

7. Pizarro Conquers Peru (1532) • Finds the Incas and captures the leader • Wants gold in return for giving back leader • When received the gold still killed the leader anyways • Smallpox played a major role in the conquering of North American Empires

8. Questions 2.1 – 2.2 • Who was the man who told stories of “The Indies” and got everyone excited to find it? • Who was the man from Spain who sailed from Spain “The Indies” and ended up in the Caribbean? • Who was involved in the Columbian exchange and for who was it good and for was it bad? • Who were the first slaves in North America? • What disease played a huge role in conquering the Native American empires in Spain?

9. Section 3: The Spanish Borderlands • Ponce de Leon (1513) went searching for the “fountain of youth” part of Indian rumors • Instead he discovered Florida • Florida natives were not friendly, drove off invaders with poisoned arrows • Died from a poison arrow in his stomach

10. Coronado Expedition • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1540) searched for the Golden Cities • Instead found old Native American houses, pueblos • Little , crowded village all crumpled together • Trip unsuccessful, no money to be found

11. Setting the Borderlands • Two types of settlements – 1) Forts and 2) Missions • Built forts to claim their areas • Forts were filled with soldiers if invaders came they could stop them • St. Augustine – oldest permanent settlement in U.S. • They built missions to spread their religion • Missionaries came to “give” their religion to Natives • Made them convert to the Catholic faith • If they did not convert were beaten or killed

12. Impact of Native Americans • Native Americans and Europeans gained good and bad from each other. • Native Americans (Good) – new ways to survive and grow crops • Native Americans (Bad) – Death and disease • Europeans only benefited by gaining slaves, money, and land.

13. Questions Chap. 2.3 • What did Ponce de Leon sail out to find? • What were the 2 main types of settlements that Spain established in North America and who lived in those settlements? • What did Coronado go out to find? • What is the oldest permanent settlement in the United States? • What was the purpose of Missionaries being sent to the new settlement?

14. Section 4: New France • France wanted part of the glory and went to the New Land • Jacques Cartier (1534) sailed and found Canada, named it “New France” • Found riches not through gold but through beavers • Beaver fur = hot fashion, expensive • France wanted more people to come so they offered them free land. • People gave up farming to hunt beavers

15. Native American Business Partners • French saw Native Americans as business partners and not slaves • Samuel de Champlain (1608) teamed up with the Huron Indians and the French lived with them and even married them • Helped the Huron to attack their enemies, the Iroquois • The Iroquois from that day forward would be bitter enemies of the French

16. Claiming Louisiana • Robert de La Salle (1682) claimed the Mississippi River and everything west of it for France • Named this area Louisiana for the French monarch, King Louis XIV

17. Questions 2.4 • When Cartier found Canada he also found something that was worth more than gold, what was it? • French did not see the Native Americans as slaves, but they saw them as what? • When Champlain found the Native Americans he teamed up with them, what was one thing the French and Native Americans did to really join as one people? • La Salle claimed for France everything west of what river?

18. Section 5: Jamestown – The First English Colony • John Cabot (1497) planned to sail to Asia • Missed Asia and landed in North America • Claimed this land for England

19. The Lost Colony of Roanoke • Sir Walter Raleigh (1587) sailed to North America and landed in North Carolina and started a colony • Bad Luck Colony – nothing worked right and they all disappeared • All that was left was the word CROATOAN carved on a doorpost • The word even until this day remains a mystery

20. Settling Jamestown • In 1607, the first English colony was settled in Virginia • Called it Jamestown • Colony was surrounded by powerful Indian tribes and disease carrying mosquitoes • Men were not farmers, mostly gentlemen and craftsmen • To survive English wanted to trade with Indians, but they did not want to • Hunger and disease took over

21. Captain John Smith (1608) • Took charge of Jamestown • Met with the Indians and was almost killed • Saved by Pocahontas, brought him food and peace

22. The Starving Time • Smith was injured in 1609 by a gunpowder explosion and returned to England • Called this the “Starving Time” • People died, only 6 to 500 people survived • No food – ate dogs, rats, and humans to try and live

23. Jamestown Survives • More English came to help Jamestown from constant danger of Indian attacks • Kidnapped Pocahontas – learned the English way of life • Began growing tobacco started by John Rolfe • He married Pocahontas and finally brought peace to Jamestown

24. Questions 2.5 • What happened to the settlers of the colony of Roanoke? • What was the first English colony in the state of Virginia called? • Who took the leadership role in this colony? • What were the three things that the Jamestown colonists ate during the “Starving Time” period? • Who saved the English colony by her communication between the English and the Native Americans?

25. Section 6: New Netherland • Henry Hudson (1609) wanted to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch • Didn’t find it, but found the Hudson River • Made a settlement in modern day New York and began fur trading • Dutch West India Company – “New Netherlands”

26. Relations with Native Americans • Peter Minuit (1626) new governor of New Netherland • Wanted Manhattan Island traded $24 worth of goods to buy the land • Dutch traded with North Americans and became friends • Dutch supplied Iroquois Indians with guns in exchange for fur • Dutch partnered with Iroquois to help them defeat the Huron tribe

27. New Amsterdam • Peter Stuyvesant (1647) hired to be colony’s new governor • Called it “New Amsterdam” • The area began to grow • They accepted other cultures • England came in and were stronger took the land without a fight and named it New York

28. Questions 2.6 • Henry Hudson wanted to find the Northwest Passage for what nationality of people? • What was the name of the Fur Company that Henry Hudson and his colony established? • What modern day state did the Dutch purchase for $24 in goods?