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Understanding Protein Synthesis and Modification in Eukaryotic Cells

Explore the fascinating journey of proteins within eukaryotic cells. This section details the role of the nucleus, where chromosomes and ribosomes play a crucial role in genetic information storage and protein assembly. Learn about the importance of the endoplasmic reticulum (both rough and smooth) in modifying and transporting proteins, and discover how the Golgi apparatus packages proteins for their final destinations. This comprehensive overview also highlights the processes of secretion and organelle functions, ensuring readers grasp the intricacies of cellular protein dynamics.

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Understanding Protein Synthesis and Modification in Eukaryotic Cells

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  1. Where Do All the Proteins Go? Eukaryotic Cell Structures pages 173-183

  2. The Nucleus • Chromosomes – genetic info inside nucleus • Made of DNA & proteins • Nucleolus – dark spot in the nucleus • Where ribosomes are assembled • Nuclear envelope – membrane around nucleus • Nuclear pores – holes in nuclear envelope that allow RNA to exit the nucleus

  3. Nucleolus Cell Membrane Nucleus Nuclear envelope Animal Cell

  4. Where Do All the Proteins Go? • Proteins are assembled at ribosomes, but then what? • Most proteins must be modified before they work properly • Animation – protein folding • Several cell organelles help modify & transport the proteins to their final destinations • Animation – overview

  5. Protein Synthesis • Ribosome – where proteins are assembled • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – series of membranes attached to the nucleus • Rough ER (RER) – Has ribosomes attached to it • Proteins are released inside after being made • Folds & modifies the proteins • Smooth ER (SER) – No ribosomes attached • Lipid synthesis • Animation – overview

  6. Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Animal Cell

  7. Protein Synthesis – continued • Vesicle – “bubble” surrounded by a membrane • Transports proteins & other substances around the cell • Golgi Apparatus – stacks of membranes near the ER • Attaches carbs or lipids to the protein before it is sent to its final destination • Animation – vesicle transport

  8. Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Animal Cell

  9. Final Destinations? • Cytoplasm – only proteins assembled on free ribosomes • Lysosomes (contain enzymes) – vesicles fuse with the lysosome • Vaculoes (store materials) – vesicles fuse with the vacuole • Secretion – vesicles fuse with the cell membrane (exocytosis) • Animation – final destinations

  10. Plant Cell

  11. Review • Which organelle packages proteins for their final destination? • Which organelle is where ribosomes are made? • Which organelle is full of enzymes? • Which organelle is where proteins are assembled? • Which TWO organelles modify proteins? • Which organelle stores proteins? • Which organelle is where lipids are made? • Which organelle transports proteins around the cell?

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