Foreign Policy 1865-1914

1. Foreign Policy 1865-1914 AIM: How were U.S. expansionist aims attained at the turn of the century?

2. Spheres of Influence 1. China’s weakness and failure to modernize lead to European interference I. Open Door in China

4. “Earnestly desirous to remove any cause of irritation and to insure at the same time to the commerce of all nations in China...”

6. The policy of the Government of the United States is to seek a solution which may bring about permanent safety and peace to China, preserve Chinese territorial and administrative entity, protect all rights guaranteed to friendly powers by treaty and international law, and safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire.” 

7. U.S. demands equal trading privileges Agree to protect China’s Territorial integrity B. Hay’s Open Door Note

8. Nationalism and Xenophobia against foreigners Society of Harmonious Fists Attack and kill foreigners U.S. joints international force to crush rebels Impact on China: C. Boxer Rebellion

9. How was the Monroe Doctrine both a policy of isolation and imperialism at different historic periods?

10. U.S. Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century Teddy Roosevelt “Big Stick Policy” William Taft “Dollar Diplomacy” Woodrow Wilson “Moral Diplomacy” All 3 backed U.S. Business Interests

11. II. T.R. Big Stick Policy

12. A. Latin America • Sought to make U.S. policeman of Caribbean and whole world • “As our modern life goes on, and the nations are drawn closer together for good and for evil, and this nation grows in comparison with friends and rivals, it is impossible to adhere to the policy of isolationism.” (Puck, 1901)

14. “I took the canal”. ….T.R. • “The error in Teddy Roosevelt’s Panama policy lay not in the goals it sought but the means he chose to achieve it.” • “Might makes right.” • How do these statements reflect the acquisition and construction of the Panama Canal by the U.S.?

16. B. Panama Canal • U.S. backed rebellion of Panamanians against Colombia • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901): a. Canceled earlier treaty of 1850 creating joint control b/w U.S. and Britain • George Goethals and Dr. William Gorgas • World Reaction:

18. C. Roosevelt Corollary • Venezuelan Crisis a. Britain attempts to collect its debt by force. b. U.S. declares it will collect any debt for European nation in Latin America

19. “May in America, as elsewhere, ultimately required intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrong doing or impotence, to the exercise of a national police power.”

20. “U.S. would intervene in Latin America whenever it was necessary to stabilize the economic affairs of small states if unable to pay their debt” • How? Marines and U.S. sailors

21. 4. Latin America Reaction?

22. D. East Asia • Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 a. T.R. leads negotiations for both b. Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905 c. Japan blame U.S. for not giving it all it wanted from Russia

24. 2. Gentlemen’s Agreement • Segregation of Japanese children in California causes outcry from Japanese embassy • U.S. and Japan agree to halt Japanese immigration in return for ending segregation.

25. Demonstrate U.S. naval power to Japan 3. Great White Fleet

26. 4. Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) • U.S. and Japan pledge mutual respect for each’s Pacific holdings • Support Open Door Policy in China • Plants seeds anti-American feeling in Japan

28. III. Taft • Dollar Diplomacy: U.S. offers full military and diplomatic support to U.S. business men and bankers investments in L.A. and Asia 1. Marines sent to enforce. 2. Inspire further mistrust of U.S. in those countries.

29. B. Dollar Diplomacy in Asia 1. U.S. joins European venture to build RR in China

30. U.S. send Marines into Nicaragua when civil war breaks out (1912). Stay until 1933 C. Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America

32. D. Lodge Corollary • Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge passed a resolution in the Senate barring Japan or any non-European nation from owning land in W.Hemisphere • Opposed by Taft • Offended Japanese and Latin American nations.

33. IV. Wilson • Moral Diplomacy 1. Sec. of State William Jennings Bryan hoped to apply a moral approach by opposing Imperialism 2. Jones Act 1916 – -Full Territorial status to Philippines - Bill of Rights and Male suffrage - Promised independence

34. Foraker Act 1917 – citizenship to Puerto Ricans • Panama Canal – repealed U.S. toll exemption • Conciliation Treaties – nations agree to 1 year cooling off period and use international commissions

35. B. Blind Spot in Latin America • Kept marines in Nicaragua and Haiti • Mexico a. U.S. refuses to recognize Dictator Huerta b. U.S. sends fleet to Vera Cruz c. Tampico Incident: sailors arrested

36. Verge of War – Argentina, Brazil, Chile mediate peace. • Huerta replaced with Carranza

38. Pancho Villa and U.S. Expeditionary Force a. Raids across Texas – kill Americans b. General Pershing sent in c.WWI causes U.S. to withdraw

39. To what extent was late 19th century and early 20th century United States expansionism a continuation of past United States expansionism and to what extend was it a departure?