Imperialism:

1. Imperialism: Imperialism, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination." Imperialism not only describes colonial and territorial policies, but also economic and military dominance and influence.

2. Age of Imperialism The Age of Imperialism was a time period beginning around 1870 when modern, relatively developed nations were taking over less developed areas, colonizing them, or influencing them in order to expand their own power. Although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term "Age of Imperialism" generally refers to the activities of nations such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United States in the early 18th through the middle 20th centuries,

3. The United States as "the world's police" policies such as Woodrow Wilson's mission to "make the world safe for democracy"

4. Pro-Imperialism • “…Whether they will or no, Americans must now begin to look outward. The growing production of the country demands it. And increasing volume of public sentiment demands it…” • - Alfred T. Mahan • “But today we are raising more than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use. • Today our industrial society is congested; there are more workers than there is work, there is more capital • than there is investment. We do not need more money – we need more circulation, more employment. • Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our • labor.” - Senator Albert J. Beveridge

5. "The White Man's Burden"

6. Anti-Imperialism • "For Europe to rule Asia by force for purposes of gain, and to justify that rule by the pretence that she is civilizing Asia and raising her to a higher level of spiritual life, will be adjudged by history, perhaps, to be the crowning wrong and folly of imperialism. What Asia has to give, her priceless stores of wisdom garnered from her experience of ages, we refuse to take; the much or little which we could give we spoil by the brutal manner of our giving. This is what imperialism has done, and is doing, for Asia."

7. Effects of Imperialism • Positive • new roads & railroads • telegraph & postal systems • irrigation systems improve farming • education • new laws = justice for all classes • Negative • resources go to over-seeing power • cash crop replacing local goods • top jobs go to over-seeing power • Natives treated as inferiors • replacement of local customs and beliefs w/ new

8. Social Darwinism in World Affairs • Many contended that nations or races struggled constantly for existence and only the fittest could survive. • Strong nations would dominate weak ones • John Burgess flatly stated that Anglo-Saxon possessed the highest political talents. therefore it was their duty to uplift the less fortunate peoples, even to force superior institutions on them if necessary.

9. Reasons for Imperialism • New Markets • Raw materials • Social Darwinism • Naval Bases to defend trade routes • desire for prestige & power • security • spread Christianity • spread democracy • over population = need for resources • cash crops • Cheap labor force • Climate • competition

10. Political reasons • Economic reasons • Reasons to become an imperialist nation • Moral reasons • Militaristic Reasons

11. Hawaii • Hawaii = Self-sufficient society = agricultural & fishing • Americans brought disease: decimating half the pop. • Sugar cane plantations --> American Investors • --> sugar production boomed --> influence of Americans increased • U.S. officials demanded control of Pearl Harbor in exchange for tax-free status of Hawaiian sugar • Many Natives did not want to become apart of the U.S.

12. Long Term Effects • Transportation, education, and medical care improved • nationalist Movements • Competition for empires leads to war • Industrial nations control new global economy

13. Nationalism • national pride or loyalty • emphasizes collective identity - a people who are autonomous, united, and express a single national culture

14. Isolationism • national policy of avoiding involvement in the affairs of other nations

15. Exit Ticket • To justify their policies, the new American expansionists of the late 1800s offered all of the following • reasons except • A) strong nations were destined by natural law to dominate weak ones • B) the United States had a duty to spread its superior institutions to less civilized people • C) the United States should try to create a community of nations to guarantee world peace • D) a strong navy was the key to becoming a great nation, and colonies would serve as bases for such a navy • E) selling goods in foreign nations would bolster the economy

18. Humanitarianism • Americans were outraged by the treatment of Cubans • Placed in concentration camps to prevent them from joining the revolution against Spain • 200,000 died from hunger and disease • Gen. Valeriano Weyler: "The Butcher"

19. The Spanish Navy 1880-1920 • Spain's decline as a world power in the 19th century was marked. As prosperity flooded the industrializing parts of Europe, Spain falls behind, without the $ to invest in great fleets. Europe's once leading power, could no longer compete • as late as the 1880's, Spain was still building her cruisers of wood and even her 1st steel ship commissioned with a full sail rig.

20. U.S.S Maine • The Maine was sent to Cuba early in 1898 to protect American lives and interests on the island, where the local insurgents were on the victory over the Spanish Empire. • at first the Maine's presence in Havana had exacerbated relations w/ Spanish authorities; but things eventually calmed down. • Feb 15, 1898 the Maine exploded. the explosion blew out the bottom of the ship, breaking her in two and sinking within 10 min. • 226 American servicemen were killed • This gave the war hawks in US gov what they were looking for: By March, the march to war was complete • Spain stood convicted of sabotage by public opinion

21. Private Letter from Spanish Ambassador • Within weeks of the sinking of the Maine, intelligence operatives intercepted a private letter between the Spanish Ambassador to the United States and a friend in Havana, Cuba. • The letter disparaged U.S. President McKinley, and hinted at plans to commit acts of sabotage against American property in Cuba. • The letter was published by several newspapers, further agitating public opinion. On April 19, 1898, Congress resolved to end Spanish rule in Cuba.

22. War Declared • (Sinking of the U.S.S Maine, Feb 15, 1898) • Spain declares war on US, April 23, 1898 • US declares war on Spain, April 25

24. Yellow Journalism • In Havana, Hearst press illustrator Fredric Remington cabled New York that there was no action to illustrate. W.R. Hearst cabled back, "you provide the pictures and I'll provide the war." Remington obliged with lurid sketches • With the of the Maine, yellow journalist were quick to blame Spain for the incident. Newspapers headlined: "Remember the Maine - To Hell with Spain." • Spain stood convicted of sabotage by public opinion

31. Spanish Response to the Revolt in Cuba • exiled many leaders of the independence movement • sent soldiers to battle rebels • sent Weyler to put down revolt • Major Causes of the Spanish-American War • Imperialist ambitions • humanitarian sympathy for the rebels • the destruction of the U.S.S. Maine • American Intervention in • Spanish-Cuban Affairs

32. Battle of San Juan Hill • decisive battle of the war. one of the bloodiest and most famous • San Juan Heights was a north-south elevation, with Spanish hill-top entrenchments: making return fire more difficult for the Spanish • Also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders • Roosevelt was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions

34. "A Splendid Little War" • In August, an armistice ended the fighting • War lasted four months • Under the terms of the armistice, Spain recognized the independence of Cuba • Spain also ceded Puerto Rico and the pacific islands of Guam to the US • December, Treaty of Paris officially ends the war

35. Outcome - U.S. • Conclusion will help to maintain peace and protect life and property in Cuba • Must release all prisoners of war • must agree to mutual shipping rights for Spain

36. Outcome - Spain • Must give up all claims to Cuba • Must give the U.S. control of Puerto Rico and Guam • Spanish citizens are free to stay in Cuba

37. Outcome - Cuba • Platt Amendment --> makes Cuba a protectorate of the U.S. • Could not sign any treaty that would threaten its independence (in effect giving the US control of Cuban foreign policy) • Gave US the right to intervene to preserve independence, life, and property. • U.S. Naval base at Guantanamo Bay • Left Cuba with nominal political independence

38. Outcome - Puerto Rico & Philippines • Puerto Rico - Under control of the US • Philippines - sold to the US for 20 million

39. Exit Ticket • The Platt Amendment, incorporated into the Cuban constitution, gave Cuba • A) full independence • B) economic independence • C) nominal political independence • D) an American colonial government • E) an equal partnership with American interests

40. Seizing the Philippines • Commander of the Navy's Pacific squadron, George Dewey, attacked the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines • US Navy completed destroyed the aging Spanish fleet stationed there. • only 1 American sailor died in the battle (of heatstroke). Dewey instantly became the first hero of the war • Months later, the city of Manila was surrendered. • What had begun as a war to free Cuba was becoming a war to strip Spain of its colonies. Yet there was no plan as to what the US would do with the newly acquired possessions

41. Annexation of the Philippines • McKinley was reluctant to annex the Philippines, but ultimately decided to accept responsibility for the islands. US paid $20 million for the islands • Returning them to Spain would be "cowardly & dishonorable," turning them over to another imperialistic power would be "bad business & discreditable," and granting the islands independence would be irresponsible. For the were "unfit for self government." • only solution = educate & Christianize the Filipinos

42. The Philippine War • In the midst of the US trying to educate & Christianize the Filipinos, insurgent forces began fighting for independence • One of American longest and bloodiest wars; lasted 4 years; resulted in 4,300 American deaths (nearly 10x the amount killed during the Spanish American war) along with an estimated 50,000 Filipino natives • US soon found themselves drawn into the same pattern of brutality that had outraged so many Americans when Weyler had used them in the Caribbean

43. The Philippines War • Captured Filipinos guerrillas were not treated as prisoners of war, but as murderers --> executed. • entire communities were evacuated - the residents forced into concentration camps while US troops destroyed their villages, farms, crops and livestock. Orders were given "to kill everyone over the age of 10." • the rebellion has eventually exhausted itself

45. Governance of the Philippines • 1901, US military transferred authority over the islands to William Taft --> 1st civilian Governor • Taft announced that the American mission was to prepare the Philippines for independence, and he gave the Filipinos broad local autonomy • US built roads, schools, bridges & sewers; instituted major administrative and financial reforms; & established a public health system. • 1946 the islands finally gained their Independence

46. Boxer Rebellion John Hay's Open Door • business policy in China • equal trading rights for all • Everyone agreed. Besides China. • Chinese martial-arts society with nationalist convictions launched a revolt against foreigners in China.

47. Panama Canal • Reasons - • provide mobility for the Navy • protect US colonies • Increase trade with the far east

49. Roosevelt Corollary • Extension of the Monroe Doctrine • Doctrine cast the US as protector of the Western Hemisphere • "Chronic wrongdoing...in the Western Hemisphere...may force the United States...to the exercise of an international police power." • US should restore law and order around the world