Chapter 9 Connectivity 连通度

1. Chapter 9 Connectivity连通度

2. 9.1 Connectivity Consider the following graphs: • G1: Deleting any edge makes it disconnected. • G2: Cannot be disconnected by deletion of any edge; can be disconnected by deleting its cut vertex; • Intuitively, G2 is more connected than G1, G3 is more connected thant G2, and G4 is the most connected one.

3. 9.1 Cut edges and cut vertices A cut edge of G is an edge such that G-e has more components that G. Theorem 9.1 Let G be a connected graph. The following are equivalent: • An edge e of G is a cut edge • e is not contained in any cycle of G. • There are two vertices u and w such that e is on every path connecting u and w.

4. 9.1 Cut edges and cut vertices Let G be a nontrivial and loopless graph. A vertex v of G is a cut vertex if G-v has more components than G. Theorem 9.2 Let G be a connected graph. The following propositions are equivalent: 1. A vertex v is a cut vertex of G 2. There are two distinct vertices u and w such that every path between u and w passes v; 3. The vertices of G can be partitioned into two disjoint vertex sets U and W such that every path between uU and wW passes v.

5. 9.1 Vertex cut and connectivity A vertex cut of G is a subset V’ of V such that G-V’ is disconnected. The connectivity , (G), is the smallest number of vertices in any vertex cut of G. • A complete graph has no vertex cut. Define (Kn)=n-1; • For disconnected graph G, define (G) = 0; • G is said to be k-connected if (G)k; • It is easy to see that all nontrivial connected graphs are 1-connected. • (G)=1 if and only if G=K2 or G has a cut vertex.

6. 9.1 Edge cut and edge connectivity Let [S,S’] denote the set of edges with one end in S and the other end in S’. Let G be graph on n2 vertices. An edge cut is a subset E’ of E(G) of the form [S,S’], where S is a nonempty proper set of V and S’=V-S. If G is nontrivial and E’ is an edge cut of G, then G-E’ is disconnected. The edge connectivity, (G), is the smallest number of edges in any edge cut.

7. 9.1 Edge cut and edge connectivity • For trivial and disconnected graph G, define (G)=0; • G is said to be k-edge-connected if (G)k ; • All nontrivial connected graphs are 1-edge-connected. Theorem 9.3 For any connected graph G (G) (G)(G) where (G) is the smallest vertex degree of G.

8. 9.2 Menger’s theorem Theorem A graph G is k-edge-connected if and only if any two distinct vertices of G are connected by at least k edge-disjoint paths. Proof：If there are two vertices which are connected by less than k edge-disjoint paths, then G is not k-edge-connected. On the other hand, if G is not k-edge-connected, there are edge cut that contains less than k edges, hence there are two vertices which are connected by less than k edge-disjoint paths. Theorem A graph with nk+1 is k-connected if and only if any two distinct vertices of G are connected by at least k vertex-disjoint paths.

9. 9.3 Reliable communication networks • A graph representing a communication network, the connectivity (or edge-connectivity) becomes the smallest number of stations (or links) whose breakdown would jeopardise the system. • The higher the connectivity and edge connectivity, the more reliable the network. • Let k be a given positive integer and let G be a weighted graph. Determine a minimum-weight k-connected spanning subgraph of G. • For k=1, this is solved by Kruskal’s algorithm, for example. For k>1, the problem is unsolved.