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Explore the classification of aircraft instruments, including flight, engine, and auxiliary instruments. Learn about Pitot-static systems, airspeed indicators, altimeters, and gyroscopic instruments. Understand blockages in the Pitot-static system and sources of power for gyroscopes in aircraft instruments.
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Classification Of Instruments • Flight Instruments • Engine Instruments • Auxiliary Instruments
Flight Instruments • Those that help visualize the attitude, location and speeds of the aircraft. • Those which indicate the relationship to the air through which we are flying • Those which relate to our position in space without considering the air.
Pitot-static System • Dynamic Air Pressure - Pressure caused by moving air. • Ambient Static Air Pressure - Pressure of non-moving air just outside the aircraft.
Airspeed Indicator • Differential pressure gauge that measures the difference between dynamic and ambient static air pressure.
Airspeed Indicator • Indicated airspeed • The speed of an aircraft as shown on the airspeed indicator. • True airspeed • The speed at which an aircraft is moving relative to the surrounding air. • Calibrated airspeed • Indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for installation and instrument errors.
Altimeter • A barometer that measures the absolute pressure of the air.
Altimeter • Indicated Altitude • The altitude shown by an altimeter set to current altimeter setting. • Pressure Altitude • Height above the standard pressure level of 29.92 in.Hg. • Density Altitude • Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature variations.
Altimeter • True Altitude • The actual height of an abject above mean sea level. • Absolute Altitude • Actual height above the surface of the earth, either land or water.
Vertical Speed Indicator • The rate of climb indicator • Serves only as a backup for the altimeter and airspeed indicator as a pitch indicating instrument. • Helps the pilot establish a rate of climb or descent.
Blockage Of The Pitot-Static System • Pitot Tube • Affects only the airspeed indicator, but a clogged static system affects all three pitot-static instruments. • If the pitot tube is blocked and its drain hole remains open, the airspeed reading will drop to zero. • If both pitot tube and the drain hole clog, the airspeed indicator will react like an altimeter.
Blockage Of The Pitot-Static System • Static port • The indicated airspeed increases as the airplane descends and decreases when it climbs. • The altimeter: air pressure in the system will not change and neither will your indicated altitude. • VSI continually indicates Zero.
Gyroscopic Instruments • Turn coordinator • Attitude indicator • Heading indicator
Gyroscopic Instruments • Rigidity In Space – Once a gyroscope is spinning, it tends to remain in a fixed position in space and resist external forces applied to it.
Gyroscopic Instruments • Precession – The tilting or turning of a gyro in response to pressure. • The reaction to this force occurs in the direction of rotation, approximately 90° ahead of the point where the force was applied.
Sources Of Power • Gyroscopes may be operated by electrical power or by a vacuum (suction) system.
Attitude Indicator • Vacuum powered instrument which senses pitching and rolling movements about the airplanes lateral and longitudinal axes.
Directional Gyro • Vacuum powered instrument which senses yaw movement of the airplane about the vertical axis. • Horizontal card directional gyro
Directional Gyro • Vertical card directional gyro
Rate Gyros • Turn And Slip Indicator • Turn Coordinator • Inclinometer
