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Chapter 3: Computer Hardware Components: CPU, Memory, and I/O

Chapter 3: Computer Hardware Components: CPU, Memory, and I/O. Berlin Chen 2003. Textbooks : 1. Kurt F. Lauckner and Mildred D. Lintner, "The Computer Continuum," Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 2001 . What is the typical configuration of a computer sold today?.

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Chapter 3: Computer Hardware Components: CPU, Memory, and I/O

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  1. Chapter 3: Computer Hardware Components: CPU, Memory, and I/O Berlin Chen 2003 Textbooks: 1. Kurt F. Lauckner and Mildred D. Lintner, "The Computer Continuum," Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 2001.

  2. What is the typical configuration of a computer sold today?

  3. Outline • How did the computer become known as the stored-program computer? • Do they all have the same characteristics? • Memory on chips and memory on magnetic media, how do they differ? • What do you look for when comparing memory devices? • How is information moved around within the computer? • How can you help your computer run better?

  4. Basic Concepts of Computer Hardware Primary Memory Input Units Output Units CPU (Central Processing Unit) • This model of the typical digital computer is often called the von Neumann computer • Programs and data are stored in the same memory: primary memory • The computer can only perform one instruction at a time

  5. Basic Concepts of Computer Hardware • Input/Output (I/O): Refers to the process of getting information into and out of the computer • Input: Those parts of the computer receiving information to programs • Output: Those parts of the computer that provide results of computation to the person using the computer

  6. Sources of Datafor the Computer • Two types of data stored within a computer • Original data or information: Data being introduced to a computing system for the first time • Computers can deal directly with printed text, pictures, sound, and other common types of information • Previously stored data or information: Data that has already been processed by a computer and is being stored for later use • These are forms of binary data useful only to the computer • Examples: Floppy disks, DVD disks, and music CDs

  7. Input Devices • Two categories of input hardware: • Those that deal with original data • Those that handle previously stored data

  8. Input Devices • Input hardware: Those that deal with original data. • Keyboard • Mouse • Voice recognition hardware • Scanner • Digital camera • Digitizing: The process of taking a visual image, or audio recording and converting it to a binary form for the computer • Used as data for programs to display, play or manipulate the digitized data

  9. Input Devices • Connecting Hardware to the computer: • Hardware needs access through some general input/output connection. • Port: The pathway for data to go into and out of the computer from external devices such as keyboards • There are many standard ports as well as custom electronic ports designed for special purposes • Ports follow standards that define their use • SCSI, USB: Multiple peripheral devices (chain) • RS-232, IDE: Individual peripheral devices • Peripheral device: A piece of hardware like a printer or disk drive, that is outside the main computer

  10. Input Devices • Connecting Hardware to the computer: (continued) • Hardware needs software on the computer that can service the device. • Device driver: Software addition to the operating system that will allow the computer to communicate with a particular device.

  11. Input Devices • Common Basic Technologies for Storing Binary Information: • Electronic • Magnetic • Optical

  12. Input Devices • Electronic Circuits • Most expensive of the three forms for storing binary information. • A flip-flop circuit has either one electronic status or the other. It is said to flip-flop from one to the other. • Electronic circuits come in two forms: • Permanent • Non-permanent

  13. Input Devices • Magnetic Technology • Two parts to most of the magnetic forms of information storage: • The medium that stores the magnetic information. • Example: Floppy disk. Tiny spots on the disk are magnetized to represent 0s and 1s. • The device that can “read” that information from the medium. • The drive spins the disk. • It has a magnetic sensing arm that moves over the disk. • Performs nondestructive reading.

  14. Input Devices • Optical • Uses lasers to “read” the binary information from the medium, usually a disc. • Millions of tiny holes are “burned” into the surface of the disc. • The holes are interpreted as 1s. The absence of holes are interpreted as 0s.

  15. Input Devices • Secondary Memory Input Devices • These input devices are used by a computer to store information and then to retrieve that information as needed. • External to the computer. • Commonly consists of floppy disks, hard disk drives, or CD-ROMs. • Secondary memory uses binary. • The usual measurement is the byte. • A byte consists of 8 binary digits (bits). The byte is a standard unit.

  16. Input Devices • The four most important characteristics of storage devices: • Speed and access time • Cost / Removable versus non-removable • Capacity • Type of access

  17. Input Devices • Speed (Access time) - How fast information can be taken from or stored onto the computer memory device’s medium • Electronic circuits: Fastest to access • 40 billionths of a second • Floppy disks: Very slow in comparison • Takes up to 1/2 second to reach full speed before access is even possible

  18. Input Devices • Cost • Megabyte: A Million bytes • Gigabyte: A billion bytes • Two parts to a removable secondary storage device • The cost of the medium(Cheaper if bought in quantity) • The cost of the drive Examples: Cost for drive Cost for medium Floppy drive (1.4MB) 59.00 .50 Zip 100 (100 MB) 99.00 10.00 CD-WR (650 MB) 360.00 and up 1.00

  19. Input Devices • Capacity - The amount of information that can be stored on the medium. Unit Description Approximate Size 1 bit 1 binary digit 1 nibble 4 bits 1 byte 8 bits 1 character 1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes 1/2 page, double spaced 1 megabyte 1,048,576 bytes 500,000 pages 1 million bytes 1 gigabyte 1,073,741,824 bytes 5 million pages 1 billion bytes 1 terabyte 1 trillion bytes 5 billion pages

  20. Input Devices • Type of Access • Sequential - Obtained by proceeding through the storage medium from the beginning until the designated area is reached (as in magnetic tape) • Random Access - Direct access (as in floppy and hard disks)

  21. Primary Memory • Primary storage or memory: Is where the data and program that are currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use • Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and expensive • Two types • RAM (non-permanent) • Programs and data can be stored here for the computer’s use • Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shuts down • ROM (permanent) • Contents do not change

  22. The Central Processing Unit • The Central Processing Unit ( CPU) • Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer • Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer system • The three major components of the CPU are: 1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed) Accumulator (Results of computations kept here) 2. Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are kept) Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis) Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?) 3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction) • Motherboard: The place where most of the electronics including the CPU are mounted

  23. Output Devices • Output units store and display information (calculated results and other messages) for us to see and use. • Floppy disk drives and Hard disk drives. • Display monitors: Hi-resolution monitors come in two types: • Cathode ray tube (CRT) - Streams of electrons make phosphors glow on a large vacuum tube • Liquid crystal display (LCD) - A flat panel display that uses crystals to let varying amounts of different colored light to pass through it • Developed primarily for portable computers

  24. Output Devices • Audio Output Devices • Windows machines need special audio card for audio output • Macintosh has audio playback built in • Audio output is useful for • Music • CD player is a computer • Most personal computers have CD players that can access both music CDs and CD-ROMs • Voice synthesis (becoming more human sounding.) • Multimedia • Specialized tasks (i.e.: elevator’s floor announcements)

  25. Output Devices • Optical Disks: CD-ROM and DVD • CD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory) • By its definition, CD-ROM is Read Only • Special CD drives “burn” information into blank CDs • Burn: A laser is used to “burn” craters into the surface to represent a binary 1 • Two main types of CDs • CD-R (Compact Disk - Recordable) • CD-WR (Compact Disk – Re-Writable) • It takes longer to write to a CD-R than a hard drive • Special software is needed to record

  26. Output Devices • DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) • Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7 GB to 17 GB). • Compatible with older CD-ROM technology. • The four versions of the DVD:

  27. Output Devices • Storage Requirements: How much storage capacity is needed for… • One keystroke on a keyboard. 1 byte (8 bits) • One page single-spaced document. 4.0 K • Nineteen pages formatted text. 75 K • One second of high-fidelity sound. 95-110 K • Complete word processing program. 8.4 MG • Storage Capacity: How much data can be stored on… • One inch of 1/2 in. wide magnetic tape. 4 K • One 3 1/2” floppy disk, high density. 1.4 MG • One Compact Disk. 650 MG • One DVD. up to 17 GB

  28. Moving InformationWithin the Computer • How do binary numerals move into, out of, and within the computer? • Information is moved about in bytes, or multiple bytes called words • Words are the fundamental units of information • The number of bits per word may vary per computer • A word length for most large IBM computers is 32 bits

  29. Moving InformationWithin the Computer • Bits that compose a word are passed in parallel from place to place. • Ribbon cables: • Consist of several wires, molded together • One wire for each bit of the word or byte • Additional wires coordinate the activity of moving information • Each wire sends information in the form of a voltage pulse

  30. Moving InformationWithin the Computer • Example of sending the word WOW over the ribbon cable • Voltage pulses corresponding to the ASCII codes would pass through the cable.

  31. Packaging the Computer • The many physical forms of the general purpose computer: • All follow general organization: • Primary memory • Input units • Output units • Central Processing Unit • Grouped according to speed, cost, size, and complexity. Fast Expensive Complex Large Super Computers Mainframe Computers Minicomputers Microcomputer Palmtop Computer Calculator Slow Cheap Simple Small

  32. Supercomputers • Supercomputers are the most powerful computers. They are used for handling large and highly complex problems that requires extreme calculating power • Can perform more than 1 trillion calculation per second • E.g. Cray T90 system houses thousands of processors • Because of their size and expense, supercomputers are relatively rare. • Help analyze and forecast weather, nuclear science, DNA structure (80,000~100,000 human genes), etc • Housed in a protected room with special cooling systems, power protection, and other security features • Supercomputers are used by universities, government agencies, and large businesses.

  33. Supercomputers Cray T90 Supercomputer

  34. Mainframe Computers • Mainframe computers can support hundreds or thousands of users, handling massive amounts of input, output, and storage • The largest type of computer in common use • Mainframe computers are used in large organizations where many users need access to shared data and programs • Insurance companies, banks, airlines, government agencies • Mainframes are also used as e-commerce servers, handling transactions over the Internet • Are being used more and more as specialized servers on the Word Wide Web (WWW), enabling companies to offer secure transactions with customers over the Internet

  35. Mainframe Computers • In a traditional mainframe environment, each user works at a computer terminal • A terminal is a monitor and a keyboard wired to the mainframe • Many enterprises are now connecting personal computers and computer networks to their mainframe systems • PCs have local storage and processing capabilities

  36. Minicomputers • Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but larger than microcomputers • Also called “midrange computers • Minicomputers usually have multiple terminals • Though some are designed for a single user • Minicomputers may be used as network servers and Internet servers • Handle data-sharing needs of other computers on the network • Dozens or hundreds of personal computers connected to a network with a minicomputer as a server

  37. Workstations • Workstations are powerful single-user computers • Somewhere between multi-user midrange computers and personal computers • Popular among scientists, engineers, graphic artists, etc. • Featured advanced processors, more RAM and storage capability than PCs • Until few years ago, the term workstation implied certain different in chip design and operating system, making it distinct from PCs • Workstations are used for tasks that require a great deal of number-crunching power, such as product design and computer animation • Have large, high-resolution monitors and accelerated graphics- handling capabilities • Workstations are often used as network and Internet servers

  38. Workstations Sun Workstation

  39. Microcomputers • Microcomputers are more commonly known as personal computers (PC). The term "PC" is applied to IBM-PCs or compatible computers • In 1981, IBM called its first microcomputer the IBM-PC • The Apple Macintosh is another family of microcomputers • Full-size desktop computers are the most common type of PC • Notebook (laptop) computers are used by people who need the power of a desktop system, but also portability. • Handheld PCs (such as PDAs) lack the power of a desktop or notebook PC, but offer features for users who need limited functions and small size

  40. Microcomputers iMac, Apple Macintosh Computer Horizontally-oriented PC

  41. Microcomputers Handheld PC Notebook Computer, or Laptop Computers Philips Velo

  42. Software Tools for Maintaining Your Computer Hardware • Utility Programs exist that can help diagnose and solve computer hardware problems • Four major problem areas where utility programs are helpful • Finding and fixing problems • Testing Input/Output peripherals • Testing RAM, motherboard, video cards • Recovering deleted files or fixing damaged disks • Improving computer performance • De-fragmenting a disk (Packs all files closer together) • Preventative maintenance • Troubleshooting • Locates incompatible programs

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