Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 World War 1 and its Aftermath Mr. Young U.S. History

2. Section 1 The United States Enters World War 1

3. Mexican Revolutions and USA • From 1911-1914, Mexico went through several revolutions • Pancho Villa- commander of guerilla soldiers who raided into America in hopes of Wilson overthrowing the new Mexican government

4. General John J. Pershing • Sent by President Wilson to find and capture Pancho Villa • Becomes commander of the American forces during World War 1 • Nicknamed “Black Jack”

5. The Great War begins • Europe begins to divide into two camps:

6. Serbs, Bosnians, Croats and Slovenes had similar languages and cultures. They called themselves Yugoslavs. • Serbs were the first to gain independence – formed Serbia. • Balkans- Southeastern Europe that was responsible for WW1

7. June 1914 – • Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne); killed by Serbian National assassin while in Bosnia; basically started WW1 • July 28th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

8. Sinking of the Lusitania • May 7, 1915-British passenger ship Lusitania was sunk by a German u boat killing 128 Americans • 1st step of Americans entered the war

9. Sussex Pledge • After sinking the French ship Sussex, Germans promised not to sink any more merchant ships without warning, hoping to keep America out of the war

10. Wilson’s Campaign Slogan • “He kept us out of the war”

11. Zimmermann Telegraph • German official Arthur Zimmermann sent a message to Mexico asking them to ally with Germany and keep America occupied in exchange for land after the war • Last straw for American Neutrality

12. America Enters the War • After the sinking of American merchant ships, President Wilson finally decides enough is enough • America declares on Germany on April 6, 1917 and will join the Allied Powers

13. Section 2 The Home Front

14. Selective Services Act of 1917 • All men between 21 and 30 register for draft • Lottery randomly determined the order • Local draft boards, not military • 2.8 million men drafted

15. Volunteering for Draft • Heard stories and wanted to fight back • Democracy was at stake • Duty to respond to nation’s call • Great adventure and fight for country

16. Army Nursing Corps • First war in which women officially served in armed forces • Army nurses were only women sent overseas • 20,000 nurses served during WW1

17. Federal Mobilization Agencies • (#21) War Industries Board and Bernard Baruch-organized industry to increase efficiency by coordinating production of war materials; leader of WIB • (#25) National War Labor Board- maintained cooperation between industry management and labor union to prevent strikes • (#28)Committee on Public Information (George Creel)-provided propaganda to rally citizen support for all aspects of the war effort

18. Food and Fuel Administration • Victory gardens-Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, and Porkless Thursdays • Daylight savings time- created to conserve energy

19. Paying for the War • Liberty and Victory Bonds-Loans from American people to Government, and the government would repay with interest in a set number of years • Over $20 billion borrowed

20. The Great Migration • Mostly African Americans (and some Mexicans) headed North to big cities to work in war time factories • Barrios-separate neighbors created by Mexican Americans in big cities

21. Espionage Act of 1917Sedition Act of 1918 • Severally hurt free speech and limited civil liberties during wartime in America • Made illegal any public expression of opposition to the war

22. Mistreatment of Central Powers • Began to persecute, mistreat, and even physically abuse • Changed names of foods such as sauerkraut to Liberty Cabbage

23. Schenck vs United States (1919) • Individual’s freedom of speech could be curbed when the words uttered constitute a “clear and present danger.”

24. Section 3 A Bloody Conflict

25. Trench warfare • demonstrated that troops who dug in and relied on modern rifles and machine guns could hold off an enemy for months. • On the Western Front, trenches stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border. • The land between opposing trenches was called “no man’s land”. • The only way to win a trench war was to run across and drop grenades into other trenches after heavy artillery fire. This resulted in heavy losses and slow progress.

26. Over There 1917 – the U.S. enters the war after nearly 3 years of attempting to affect the outcome without becoming embroiled in it. Nearly 2 million “doughboys”(nickname for largely inexperienced, but fresh American soldiers U.S. troops helped to boost the morale of the Allies, and turn the tide of the war

27. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- March 1918, Russia signs treaty with Germany and leaves the war after their Communist Revolution in 1917; ends two-front war

28. Meuse-Argonne Offensive • The largest military engagement in U. S. history; lasted a total of 47 days. • Principal engagement of the American Expeditionary Forces during WWI. • Involving 1.2 million American soldiers, of whom 117,000 were killed or wounded • Began September 26, 1918 • One of a series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which brought the war to an end.

29. The Peace Conference • The “Big Four”(leaders of the victorious allied nations) met in Paris in 1919 for a peace conference (Germany and Russia were not included) • “Fourteen Points,”Wilson’s plan for peace after WW1, principle of justice to all people • League of Nations 14th point which called for an association of nations organized to help keep peace and prevent future wars • Many of Wilson’s proposals were discarded as too lenient by other Allied nations

30. Treaty of Versailles (June 1919 • The final treaty required Germany to acknowledge guilt for the war, pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies, and be stripped of its armed forces • Never ratified by America, therefore America never joins League of Nations • Four empireswere dissolved • Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Austria-Hungary Empire • Nine new countries were created • The U.S. Senate, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, refused to ratify the Versailles Treaty. Wilson suffered a stroke after travelling 8,000 miles in 3 weeks trying to gain the public’s support. • The U.S. negotiated separate peace treaties with each of the Central Powers

31. Section 4 The War’s Impact

32. Impact at Home • Rapid inflation increases cost of living and leads to wave of labor strikes • Racial Unrest • “Red Scare and A. Palmer Raids”- Fear of a spread of Communism (“Reds”) by immigrants leads to nationwide panic, raids, and calls for limiting immigration; Raids by government to help find Communists in America • General Intelligence Division- department responsible for Palmer Raids; becomes FBI • Warren Harding’s Slogan- desire for “return to normalcy” – end of Progressivism by a return to simpler days