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KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. straight chain branched chain ring.
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KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. • straight chain • branched chain • ring
Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. • Monomers are the individual subunits. • Polymers are made of many monomers.
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. • Monosaccharides are simple sugars. • Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Some Basic Functions • Energy source for all animals and plants • Energy storage for plants and animals • Humans use Cellulose to work as a natural pipe snake SOURCES • Starchy Foods • Sugary Foods • Veggies
Lipids have several different functions. • broken down as a source of energy • make up cell membranes • used to make hormones
LIPIDS (4 types) • TRIGLYCERIDES • PHOSPHOLIPIDS • WAXES • HORMONES
Triglycerides – Fats and Oils The Main functions of Triglycerides are: – Energy Storage •1g of fat contains nearly 2x as much energy as 1g of a polysaccharide. – Insulation (mainly sea critters) • Blubber
Triglyceride • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. • Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. • Fats and oils (triglycerides) contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. • saturated fatty acids • unsaturated fatty acids ALL IN THE BONDS
Phospholipid • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. • Polar phosphate “head” • Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
WAXES • STRUCTURE:– 1 FA tail attached to an Alcohol • Extremely hydrophobic(water bad mmkay)– Means it is a natural protective coat found on apples and pears, but it really shines as a dehydration preventive coating for many animals like insects.
HORMONES Names of hormones (steroids) tend to end in either –in(e), ron(e), -ogen (usually used for precursors) • Are created from cholesterol. – A lipid that has a 4 ring structure. – Cholesterol is found in the cell membrane acting as somewhat of a structure reinforcer. • Steroids include the sexual hormones and many non-sex linked hormones.
Fun with STEROIDS ANABOLIC STEROIDS - These are synthetic types of steroids made from male testosterone. - BENEFITS: Helps to treat anemia (muscle attacking disease) Quickly builds muscle - COSTS: Roid Rage due to chemicals in brain being thrown off (HULK ANGRY!!! HULK SMASH!!!!!!) Liver damage Decreased libido or sterility (Look masculine, but have all the drive and potentency of a Ken Doll) Bloated face
Tammy in 2007 Steroids anyone? Tammy Thomas -US Cycling Gold Medalist Tammy in 2001
Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Some Protein Function • Builds parts of you body like muscles. • Also work as Enzymes (we will learn more when we talk about Proteins in more depth)
nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
DNA RNA • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • DNA stores genetic information. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. • RNA builds proteins.