Mastering the Ohio Graduation Test: Social Studies

1. Mastering the Ohio Graduation Test: Social Studies Woodridge High School Social Studies Department

2. Chapter 3: From the Enlightenment to Imperialism (1700-1900) • The Enlightenment was a movement of ideas that occurred in Europe between 1680 and 1790 • Enlightenment thinkers attempted to apply reason to understanding and explaining the world around them (not just faith) • Using math and science, they hoped a single set of fixed laws governed the universe • The Enlightenment was a significant challenge to the church

3. Enlightenment and the Church • Enlightenment thinkers rejected following tradition blindly including any authority figures (kings) or church teachings • For example: Church teachings were based on faith – Enlightenment thinkers wanted to see facts or proof • Instead they insisted in observing nature to explain how the world operates • Enlightenment writers challenged the notion of divine right - the idea that God sent kings to rule here on earth

4. Key Ideas of the Enlightenment • The Power of Human Reason - people should exercise their reasoning power • Natural Laws – the world operates according to ‘natural laws’ • Natural Rights – all people have certain ‘natural rights’ that can not be taken away from individuals such as freedom and property

5. Key Ideas of the Enlightenment (cont.) • Social Contract – the ultimate source of power in society is the people. If a government or ruler violates natural laws given to the people, that ruler should be remove • Religious Toleration – people should accept different beliefs w/out conflict. Also, church and state (the government) should be separate

6. Enlightenment Thinkers • Adam Smith economist, believed in two ideas for any economy • laissez-faire - government should stay out of the economy • free-enterprise economy – supply and demand would determine prices; everyone benefits • John Locke – “social contract theory” - a government should protect citizens’ natural rights • Jean-Jacques Rousseau – “the general will ” - individuals’ surrender rights for the community • Baron de Montesquieu – separation of power in government; checks and balances

7. Enlightenment Impact on Revolutions Relationships between citizens & their governments • American Revolution (1775-1783) • The American colonists broke with the British when they signed the Declaration of Independence(1776) written by Thomas Jefferson • Social contract theory – colonists protested the British gov’t (Parliament) taxing them w/out their consent or representation in Parliament • Natural rights – life, liberty & happiness violated by King George III; colonists felt they had the right to revolt

8. Enlightenment Impact on Revolutions (cont.) Relationships between citizens & their governments • French Revolution (1789-1799) • French Society was broken up into 3 estates • 1st estate -- clergy – 1 % of population, paid no taxes • 2nd estate -- nobility – 1% of population, collected taxes • 3rd estate – 98% of population; paid all taxes • Declaration of the Rights of Man – est. Natural Rights in France • French citizens broke from the 3rd estate and established themselves as the National Assembly • Ended privileges of nobles • Abolished serfdom • Issued a Constitution • Abolished the monarchy • Established a republic

9. Revolutions Cont. Latin American Independence(1798-1825) • Independence of European colonies (mainly from Spain) • Led by Simon Bolivar in South America • Father Hidalgo in Mexico from Spain • Toussaint-L’Ouverture led slave revolt in Haiti (1791) • Followed American & French examples; entitled to governments that protect their interests

10. The British Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution was a revolution in making things – using machines & new power sources in factories – working away from the home • Began in Great Britain, mid 1700s, in the textile industry (clothing) • Steam engine – cheap, reliable source of power for machines & transportation

11. Impact of INDUSTRIALIZATION • Nature of Work Changes • Factory system – people no longer worked out of their homes making products by hand, unskilled workers went to buildings housing machines and performed simple repetitive tasks • Mass production – greater amounts of goods produced at a lower cost; increased demands for goods > more factories built > employment of more workers • Changes in Working Conditions • Long hours • Noisy, dangerous, & unsafe conditions • Low wages • No job security • Used women & small children

12. Impact of INDUSTRIALIZATION • Agricultural Revolution • New scientific methods: rotating crops, using fertilizers, • New machinery: reaper, harvester • More food led to increasing populations (esp. in cities) • Machines put farm workers out of work > moved to cities to find jobs • Urbanization • ** the movement of people from the rural areas (countryside) into the urban areas (cities) • New problems – overcrowding,inadequate city services, diseases from contaminated water supplies • Cities needed to improve sanitation systems, police & fire services, education

13. INDUSTRIALIZATION con’t • Immigration • Immigration occurs because of either push factors, pull factors or a combination of both • Push factors push a person out or a country; (e.g. In Europe, push factors included: starvation, no jobs, too many people, religious persecution, wars) • Pull factors pull a person towards a country (e.g. to America: a new life, job, freedom, give children a better life) • What would the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840’s be considered? • Most Old Immigrants came to the U.S. before the Civil War (1865) from Northern and Eastern Europe (e.g. Germany, Irish, British) • Most New Immigrants came to the U.S. after the Civil War from Southern and Western Europe (e.g. Italy, Poland, Slavs, Russia)

14. INDUSTRIALIZATION con’t • Rise of Big Business • Prior to 1860 (American Civil War) businesses were owned by • individuals, families or partners • After 1865 corporations came into being; advantages: by issuing shares of stock to investors more capital could be raised • larger factories were built; Interconnection w/ railroads, factories, mines &shipping lines • More efficient means of production were used like mass production • lower costs, higher standards of living for consumers • Entrepreneurs – John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, used ruthless tactics to rid competition & keep workers in line; cheating consumers b/c of laissez faire governmental policies

15. INDUSTRIALIZATION con’t • Rise of Organized Labor (labor unions) • Because factory owners were so powerful, workers needed to organize to protect themselves from mistreatment • Workers formed labor unions to act as a group w/ greater bargaining power • Used strikes to halt work production & pressure employers to give into workers’ demands • Business leaders would not give into labor demands, brought in non-union workers called scabs • Unions, however, were seen as selfish trouble-makers and perhaps even Socialists or Communists by the public • Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels – organize workers worldwide to overthrow capitalist bosses, wrote the Communist Manifesto, 1848

16. INDUSTRIALIZATION con’t • Organized Labor con’t • Some labor unions grew national attention • Knights of Labor - a national union for both skilled & unskilled workers, wanted 8-hr. day, safety in factories, higher wages, end to child labor; too loosely organized , unsuccessful strikes • American Federation of Labor (AFL)– loose association of separate unions of skilled workers (not an actual union); better working condition & higher wages • Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)– union for both skilled & unskilled workers

17. INDUSTRIALIZATION con’t • Middle Class Reformers in America and Europe • Growing middle class – shopkeepers, small business owners, professionals (teachers, doctors, lawyers); goal – changes to end the evil of society • Populist Party – formed by farmers when faced with difficult economic times b/c of crop surpluses & falling food prices; called for: restrictions • On railroads, 8-hr work day, progressive income tax, direct election of senators, ; unsuccessful after losing 1892 presidential election

18. INDUSTRIALIZATION con’t • The Progressive Era in America (1900 – 1920) • Progressive Movement - at the turn of the century, middle class city dwellers tried to change society for the better • Progressive goals: gov’t. should check “Big Business” & end evils of industrialization & horrible conditions of industries

19. INDUSTRIALIZATION con’t • Middle Class Reformers in America and Europe cont. • Political changes • local level - cities had corrupt “bosses” who bought immigrant votes & made money off of corrupt public contracts; most famous was Tammany Hall led by William “Boss” Tweed in New York City • state level –direct election of Senators (17th Amendment), primaries to choose candidates, free public education for all • national level - anti-trust laws signed to break up monopolies • President Theodore Roosevelt (most progressive President)– purity of foods & drugs, conservation measures • Pres. Woodrow Wilson –income tax, Federal Reserve System, restriction of use of child labor

20. IMPERIALISM Nations gained political, economic & social control of territories in the 1880’s and impacted the lives of the people living in the imperialized colonies

21. Roots of Imperialism • Political Roots • Britain & France led imperial race • New nations like Belgium & unification of Italy & Germany were involved later • New technologies: railroad, steamship, telegraph, rifle allowed imperial powers to travel into interiors of Africa & Asia • Balance of Power – Otto von Bismarck, leader of Germany, held conference to divide up Africa equally among European imperial powers

22. Roots of Imperialism • Economic Roots • Due to the Industrial Revolution, there was a greater need for raw materials and new markets to sell finished goods • Social Roots • Nationalism – desire of European nations to extend their national superiority overseas • Belief that European cultures were superior to others (Social Darwinism) and they should “civilize” Asia, Africa & Pacific islands • Moral duty of Europeans to Christianize and extend European culture

23. Impact of IMPERIALISM European Imperialists Perspective vs. Colonized Native People’s Perspectives • Language • Europeans introduced new language to India, Africa & Pacific islands as the accepted means of communication • Local languages & customs were ignored and considered inferior (lesser than or below) • Natural Resources • European colonizers felt it was their right to take agricultural & mineral resources back to their homeland, or profit from use of the resources • Native lands lost much of their natural wealth to the imperial powers

24. Impact of IMPERIALISM European Imperialists Perspective vs. Colonized Native People’s Perspectives • Labor • Natives were forced to work in mines and on plantations as servants for the European colonizers • Natives were treated badly: low wages, long hours of work, almost a state of slavery w/ physical abuse • Political Authority • New colonial boundaries were created w/ no consideration of local ethnic or tribal boundaries • Conflicts arose between European colonizers competing for the same land & and also among ethnic groups being pushed into the same lands by the Europeans

25. Impact of IMPERIALISM • Religion • Europeans believed they were improving Native lives introducing them to Christianity • Technology • New technologies: railroads, telegraphs, modern medicines to improve lives of colonized peoples

26. Effects of Imperialism - Worldwide • Exploitation of African Resources • European plantations & mines robbed Africa of its agricultural resources: cash crops and wealth of gold & diamonds • Political & Social Reform in China and Japan • 1800 – China lagged behind technologically • Defeated by Britain in Opium Wars(1839-1842), China was carved into “spheres of influence” • Chinese reacted by attacking foreigners in Boxer Rebellion • Manchu Dynasty overthrown b/c of foreigners intervening in Boxer Rebellion, defeat by Japan in 1894-95, refusal to reform • After American Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Harbor in 1853 with metal ships, Japan decided to modernize

27. Effects of Imperialism - Worldwide • American Imperialism • Resisted becoming imperial power for long time • Late 1800s desire to become an imperial power b/c of industrial needs, settlement of west, belief in American superiority, concerns about military security against other imperial powers • Spanish-American War – U.S. defend Cuba from Spanish abuses; U.S. won Philippines & Puerto Rico, became American colonies, sphere of influence over Cuba • Hawaii – naval station for ships on way to Japan & China, dominated by American sugar & pineapple companies; annexed by U.S. in 1898 • Panama Canal– 1905 U.S. controlled strip of land to build canal, connecting Atlantic & Pacific Ocean