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Objective 5: Inheritance and mutations

Protein Synthesis : 1) Label the library, cookbook, recipes, waiter, ingredients, chef, and food. 2) Describe the process for making proteins. Objective 5: Inheritance and mutations. You should be able to : Identify or state ( level 1-2) Define or Describe (3-4) Explain or discuss (5-6)

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Objective 5: Inheritance and mutations

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  1. Protein Synthesis: 1) Label the library, cookbook, recipes, waiter, ingredients, chef, and food. 2) Describe the process for making proteins.

  2. Objective 5: Inheritance and mutations • Youshouldbeableto: • Identifyorstate(level 1-2) • DefineorDescribe (3-4) • Explainordiscuss (5-6) • How genes areinherited • DNA mutations • Howmutationscanoccur

  3. Vocabulary • diploid cell • haploid cell • chromosome • trait • deoxyribonucleic acid • genome • sibling • inherit • offspring • generation • ovum • sperm • meiosis • mitosis • genetics • mutation

  4. Inheritance https://www.23andme.com/gen101/origins/ (where your genes come from) • The DNA contained in all the cells of every person is passed on or inherited from parents to offspring (kids), generation after generation. This means that you got your DNA from your parents but your DNA also contains information from your grandparents, great grandparents, great-great grandparents and so on. Where would genetic differences come from??

  5. Genetic differences • How we can become genetically different from our parents and siblings: • SNP’s • Mitosis and copying errors • Meiosis

  6. From dad From mom The DNA replicate so there are 2 exact copies of each These 4 chromosomes represent the 46 in each diploid cell Meiosis: purpose is to make eggs and sperm cells During meiosis, the chromosomes mix it up and switch genes; chromosomes from mom switch some genes with dad’s chromosomes Meiosis occurs during fetus phase in females and thru-out life in males Each of these haploid cells will become an egg or sperm cell containing 23 chromosomes. Notice the differences from the original set http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toWK0fIyFlY (meiosis)

  7. Mitosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwcwSZIfKlM (mitosis) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQyAXiH5RrI (mitosis 2) Where would mutations occur and how?

  8. Mutations!!!! https://www.23andme.com/gen101/snps/ • Mutations occur in the nucleotide sequence • Mutations can only be inheritedif the mutations are in the DNA of the ovum or sperm. When parents pass their genes down to their children, an average of 60 errors are introduced to the genetic code in the process. ” (Wolchover 2011)

  9. Origin of mutations • Radiation bombards the DNA with enough energy to damage DNA • Copying errors occur during meisosis or mitosis • The more frequently DNA is copied, the higher the chance of mutations occurring

  10. Copying mutations = cancer • Recent studies in Scandinavia show that non-genetic influences, account for more than 50 percent of cancer risk. (Human health) • Normal cells have an expiration date • Toxins damage the DNA directly or during the repair process mistakes are made • Cancer cells do not expire – they continue to divide. • People who smoke are 15 to 30 times more likely to get lung cancer. (CDC 2013) • Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke increase risk of developing lung cancer by 20–30% (CDC 2014). • Chronic exposure to UV radiation increases the risk melanoma (New Genetic Study) • Alcohol consumption increases the risk of pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), esophagus, breast, and liver cancer. (Alcohol use and cancer) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1Fkdt-2veM&feature=related (cancer cells) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEpTTolebqo&feature=related (cancer cells) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN82GLQYAUQ&feature=related(radiation)

  11. Haploid Mutations: Trisomy or Down’s Syndrome • Down syndrome occurs in about 1 in 740 newborns. • The chance of having a child with this condition increases as a woman gets older. • Most cases of Down syndrome are not inherited but arise from an error in cell division • The chromosomal abnormality occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells; usually in egg cells, but occasionally occurs in sperm cells. With rare exceptions, men with Down syndrome cannot father a child. A woman with Down syndrome has a 50-50 chance of conceiving a child with Down syndrome, but many affected fetuses are miscarried.

  12. Oculocutaneous ALbinism • 1 in 20,000 people worldwide • 4 different types: 1 & 2 are the most common • type 1 is caused by a mutation in a gene on chromosome 11.  Type 2 by a mutation in a gene on chromosome 15. • These genes normally provide the instructions for making proteins involved in the production of melanin. Melanin is the pigment that gives your skin, eyes, and hair color.. • A mutation may result in no to little melanin production. • Recessive inherited trait • When both parents carry the gene and neither of them have albinism (carriers), then there is 25% chance that the baby will be born with albinism.  • Vision impairment is common

  13. Works Cited "Alcohol Use and Cancer." American Cancer Society, 2 Dec. 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/dietandphysicalactivity/alcohol-use-and-cancer>. CDC. "Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke." Smoking and Tobacco Use. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 05 Mar. 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/health_effects/>. CDC. "What Are the Risk Factors?" Lung Cancer. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21 Nov. 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/risk_factors.htm>. Clancy, Suzanne, Ph.D. "DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity." Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group, 2008. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. "New Genetic Study Strengthens Link Between UV Radiation and Melanoma." Skin Cancer Foundation, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. Wade, Nicholas. "Analysis of Neanderthal Genome Points To Interbreeding With Modern Humans." The New York Times, 07 May 2010. Web. 03 Feb. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/07/science/07neanderthal.html?_r=0>. "What Is a Gene Mutation and How Do Mutations Occur? - Genetics Home Reference."Genetics Home Reference - Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation>. Wolchover, Natalie. "How Many Genetic Mutations Do I Have? | LifesLittleMysteries.com."Home | LifesLittleMysteries.com. 16 June 2011. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1536-mutants-average-human-60-genetic-mutations.html>.

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