Unit 3 – Use of Tools and Equipment

1. Unit 3 – Use of Tools and Equipment

2. Objectives • Demonstrate checking hand tools for serviceability, and how to perform basic maintenance • As a member of a team, demonstrate how to construct fire line using several different tools

3. Hand Crews • Generally 15 to 20 fire fighters • Primary objective is to create fire lines • Two “types” of crews (can’t be mixed) • Type I (20+ members in crew) • No restrictions on use • USFS “Hot Shots” • Foreman and crew • Type II (15-18 members in crew) • Restrictions on use • Inmate crews • Private or local crews

4. Hand Crews • Hand tools • Shovels, Pulaskis, Mcleods, axes, chains saws, brush hooks, rakes, firing items (fusees, drip torches, etc.) • Factors affecting the width of fire lines • Type and size of fuels • Weather • Topography • Cold-trail or big flames • Direct or indirect attack • Radiant and convective heat • Availability of dirt and water

5. General Handcrew Considerations • Flame lengths of 4 feet or less • Always start from an anchor point • width of line should be 1 1/2 times the height of the fuel • A “scratch line” is a quick and dirty line to hold fire until better line can be built

6. Start from anchor point Use natural & manmade barriers Go around heavy fuels Include spot fire areas inside line Keep line as straight as possible Place line as close to fire edge as possible Place line at bases of hills Plan for fire spread How to Place the Line

7. Order of Tools • Brush hooks chainsaws • Pulaskis • McLeod tools and fire rakes • Shovels

8. The Saw Line • This is the path that sawyers build using chainsaws • Sawyers drop trees, saplings, and clear brush • Aerial fuels like overhanging branches are removed too

9. Cutting Tools • Brush hooks and Pulaski tools are used for cutting low aerial fuels, bushes, roots, and clearing the way to start taking out the surface fuels

10. More on the Pulaski • The other end of the pulaski’s head is for grubbing • Used to chop up the surface fuels and ground to make scraping easier

11. Scraping Tools • Most often McLeods and adz hoes, used to scrape off the surface fuels down to mineral soil • McLeods can also be used as a rake for leaves and pine needles

12. Smothering Tools • The fire swatter is a flap of heavy rubber on a handle • Rapidly losing popularity as portable pumps and backpack pumps come into service • Wet burlap sacks work as smothering tools as well

13. The Shovel and You • Shovels can be used for smothering, scraping, and cutting roots • Throwing dirt is also an option, to knock fire out of bushes and lower aerial fuels

14. Head Lamp • Absolutely essential for working at night • Head lamps from GSA have a paper cover over the battery contact in the case that needs to be removed before use

15. Hand Tools • Crews should work in at least teams of five • Remember to keep 10 feet of distance between crewmembers while working • Backpack pumps and hoselays can be used to knock down flames

16. Techniques for Handline Const. The second method has each firefighter taking slow steps and scraping with each step In one style, each crew member makes two three scrapes with the tool, then takes two steps up the line

17. Hand Crews • Lines should only be wide enough to hold based on current and expected conditions • Construct line to mineral soil • All lines start at an anchor point • Continuous or slit trenches catch rolling material • Cut green into green and black into black • Fall snags near the line or isolate with mineral soil scratch line

18. Control line should be at least 1 ½ times the height of the fuel on the fire side of the line. The above statement doesn’t always fit (40ft trees?) Kind, types, size, condition, and chemical content will all make a difference in the effectiveness of the line How wide should the line be?

19. General line width; • Grass; 2 to 3 feet down to mineral soil • Med. Brush; 4 to 6 feet cleared, 2’ to dirt • Hvy Brush; 9 feet clear, 2 to 3ft to dirt • Very hvy brush & logging slash; 12 feet clear, 3 feet to dirt • Timber; 20 ft clear, 3 ft to dirt

20. Hand Crews • Need to know three things before starting a line: • Anchor point • How wide the line should be • Escape routes and safety zones • Construction rates for a crew depend on: • length of shift • Weatherconditions • Topography • Fuels

21. Cutting line • Throw burned fuels back into the burn, green fuel usually back into the green • Cut handline about a foot from the fire’s edge • Fall snags and reduce aerial fuels • Do not bury burning fuels

22. Trenching • Trenching is digging the line into the hill and making a berm on the down hill side • The idea here is to catch rolling material from falling down below the line and jumping your control line

23. Downhill line construction • This is one of the most dangerous situations firefighters can face; many have been killed performing this operation • This should be done under very experienced supervisors • Should be a last resort • LOOKOUTS, COMMUNICATIONS, ESCAPE ROUTES, SAFETY ZONES!

24. Downhill line checklist • Don’t perform if fire is right under your start point • Shouldn’t have line in or next to chimneys or chutes • Should be anchored at the top • Need to have very easy access to escape routes and short distances to safety areas • Fire out from line as you work down the hill

25. Working with Aircraft • Helicopters are slower, and can see firefighters on the ground easier • Watch where they are dropping, stay out of the way

26. Approaching Aircraft • If you don’t have time to move out of the drop area; • Lay down facing the direction of the approaching aircraft • Hold onto your tool and hold your helmet on

27. Working at Night • Use headlamps, don’t rely on the light from the fire • Keep an eye on the terrain you are in • Remember to keep your 10 foot distance!

28. Travel & Transportation of Personnel and Tools • Safety procedures to follow when traveling by each of the following: • Vehicle • Boat • Helicopter • Fixed wing aircraft • On foot