Chapter 6

1. Chapter 6 The American Revolution

2. Key Terms-Due on Thursday • Revolution=*Use a dictionary NOT ROTATION! • Patriot • Loyalist • Blockade • Mercenary • Traitor • Preamble • Natural rights • Ally • Cavalry • Constitution • Guerrilla • Siege • Ratify

3. War or Peace • Use pages 168-169 to fill in the blanks. • In May ______, colonial delegates met in ________________ in the Second Continental Congress. • In May 1775, colonial delegates met in Philadelphia in the Second Continental Congress. • Delegates hoped peace could be maintained.

4. War or Peace • The delegates sent the ___________________ to King _____________ III. • The delegates sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III. • The OBP pledged __________ and asked the king to repeal the _______________________. • The OBP pledged loyalty and asked the king to repeal the Intolerable Acts. • Instead, he sent 20,000 more soldiers to crush the Rebels.

5. War or Peace • __________________and the Green Mountain Boys captured _____________________and the __________ and gunpowder stored there. • Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys captured Fort Ticonderoga and the cannons and gunpowder stored there. • Congress established the _______________________ and appointed __________________________ as the Commander in Chief. • Congress established the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as the Commander in Chief.

7. Loyalists • Loyalists included merchants, government officials, farmers, and craftsmen. • Patriots tarred and feathered Loyalists. • Many fled the colonies. • Patriots destroyed Loyalists’ homes and farms.

8. Fight for Boston • In 1775, much of the fighting took place around Boston. • Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill): • First major battle • 1,200 Minutemen=Patriots • 2,400 Redcoats=British • 1,000 redcoats dead or wounded • 400 Patriots dead or wounded

9. Fight for Boston • Washington arrived to 16,000 soldiers. • Militia wanted only to be directed by their own colonies. • Washington gained the soldiers’ trust. • When the Fort Ticonderoga cannons arrived, Washington surrounded Boston. • General William Howe pulled the British out of Boston in March 1776. • King George III ordered a blockade and hired mercenaries.

10. Common Sense and Independence • In January 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense calling on Americans to declare independence. • In June 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution calling for independence. • The delegates faced being hanged as traitors. • Congress appointed a five man committee to draft a declaration of independence.

11. Common Sense and Independence • 1 Thomas Jefferson wrote most of the document. • 2 On July 2, 1776, Congress voted in favor of independence. • 3 The document was edited*. • 4 On July 4, 1776, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. • 5 The delegates signed the Declaration of Independence.

12. The Declaration of Independence • The Declaration of Independence has a preamble followed by three parts. • Natural rights-are ”self-evident,” and government exists by the power of the “governed” • British wrongs-especially King George III; colonists broke away for specific reasons • Independence-declared the colonies “are … free and independent states”

13. 1776-1777

14. Battles and Documents-Due on Friday • Battle of Bunker Hill • Common Sense • Declaration of Independence • Battle of Long Island • Battle of Trenton • Battle of Saratoga • Articles of Confederation • Valley Forge • Battle of Cowpens • Battle of Yorktown • Treaty of Paris, 1783*

15. 1776-1777-1778 Key People • Nathan Hale-young CT officer who went behind enemy lines, was captured, and hanged by the British • John Burgoyne-British general who tried to cut off NE from the other colonies; he was forced to surrender his entire army to the Americans at the Battle of Saratoga • Marquis de Lafayette-young French noble who brought trained soldiers to help the Patriots; he became a very close friend to Washington • Friedrich von Steuben-man from Prussia who helped train Washington’s troops to march and drill

16. France Enters the War • France saw the war as an opportunity to fight Britain. • In February 1778, France recognized American independence and joined the war as our first ally. • The Netherlands and Spain later became our allies and loaned America money.

17. Articles of Confederation • Some delegates thought colonies needed a united, national government. • Continental Congress approved the Articles in 1777. • The Articles were ratified by the final state in 1781 and went into effect.

18. Winter at Valley Forge, PA • Washington and his troops suffered a long, cold winter from 1777-1778. • Conditions the soldiers faced: • Damp, drafty huts • Slept on the frozen ground • Poorly clothedand some had no shoes • Frostbite, hunger, and disease

19. Winter at Valley Forge, PA • Good Things: • Washington had his men inoculated against small pox=deaths declined sharply • Patriots sent help • Women sent food, medicine, clothing, and helped with the sick • The Revolution’s darkest hours ended

20. Women in the War • How did women help out during the War? • Took on work at home • Made shoes and even cannons/guns • Cared for the wounded, washed clothes, and cooked • The fight for liberty and equality did not extend to women-yet.

21. Women in the War • Identify • Betsy Ross • From Philadelphia, sewed flags for the Washington’s army • Mary Ludwig Hays • Also called Molly Pitcher; during the battle of Monmouth, she carried water to the soldiers; she took her wounded husband’s place in battle

22. African Americans in the War • Washington began allowing free African Americans to enlist in the army. • About 5,000 served in the army; about 2,000 served in the navy. • African Americans fought in battles, served as drummers, and served as spies. • These Patriots hoped that independence would end slavery. • Some northern states outlawed slavery.

23. African Americans in the War • Identify • Peter Salem and Salem Poor • Fought at Bunker Hill • Saul Matthews and James Armistead • Served as spies during the War

24. Native Americans and the West • Most Native American tribes sided with the British. • George Rogers Clark led VA frontier fighters to capture British forts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes.

25. New Spain and at Sea • Bernardo de Gálvez supplied medicine, cloth, and guns and gunpowder, and he seized British forts along the Gulf and MS River. • John Paul Jones captured the British warship Serapis on the North Sea.

26. Turning South • The British decided to try to win the War in the South because many loyalists lived in the southern colonies. • The Americans’ greater knowledge of local geography put the British at a disadvantage in the South.

27. Turning South-Cowpens • Two American generals who helped turn the tide in the southern battles were Nathanael Greene (commander of Continental Army in the South) and Daniel Morgan (won Battle of Cowpens by fooling the British).

28. Turning South-Hit and Run • Francis Marion was called the Swamp Fox because of his surprise appearances, sudden attacks, and quick retreats.

29. The End Game-Yorktown • General Charles Cornwallis thought that if he conquered Virginia, he would cut off American supply routes to the South. • Benedict Arnold was a skilled American general, but his name became a synonym for “traitor” when he agreed to turn over West Point to the British.

30. The End Game-Yorktown • Retreating to Yorktown was a serious mistake for the British because Yorktown was on a/an peninsula, and they were trapped with no means of retreat. • ADD: Washington and the army surrounded Cornwallis by land, and a French fleet surrounded Cornwallis by sea.

31. The Treaty of Paris, 1783 • The Treaty of Paris stated that the Mississippi River formed the Western border of the United States. • ADD: Congress ratified the treaty on April 15, 1783, ending the eight year war for independence.

32. Why We Won I. Geography A. Americans were familiar with the local land. B. Britain had to send soldiers and supplies about 3,000 miles. II. Foreign Help A. France sent money, soldiers, and ships. B. Other countries loaned America money. III. Growing Patriotism A. Soldiers learned to drill, march, and fight. B. Washington became a great general.