The Politics of United States Foreign Policy Chapter 7

1. The Politics of United States Foreign PolicyChapter 7

2. Intelligence • 3 broad sets of activities: • Data collection and analysis • Counterintelligence • Political and paramilitary intervention

3. Intelligence Cycle: Collectors, Producers and Consumers • Planning and direction • Collection • Processing • Analysis and production • Dissemination

4. Three Types of Intelligence Organizations • Producers • Collection and processing • Research and development of equipment

5. The Major Organizations • NSA • Army, Navy and Air Force intelligence • National Reconnaissance Office and National Geospatial Intelligence Agency • Defense Intelligence Agency • State Department’s intelligence and research bureau • Other agencies • CIA • Office of National Intelligence

6. DOD Intelligence • NSA • NRO • DIA • Military services

7. Non-DOD intelligence • CIA • INR • FBI • Departments of Energy and Commerce • Office of National Intelligence

8. Intelligence History • Growth, expansion since 1920’s and 1930’s • Organization, leadership pre-2005 • Organization, leadership post-2005

9. Three Recurring Problems • Coordination • Producer-consumer problems • Variations in success

10. CIA • is big bureaucracy and 80% of activities are normal, routine, administrative and boring • main function: analysis of data • rarely initiates any major activity without Presidential consent • if operation goes awry – President can deny knowledge through “ plausible deniability” • congressional and executive oversight is stricter than 30 years ago but still many gray areas • even with end of Cold War, US still needs good intelligence on foreign countries and movements, terrorist groups, ethnic movements, nuclear developments, impending revolutions and economic intelligence

11. History of CIA • US does not have long experience with intelligence operations and by most account is not very good with them • CIA created in 1947 in national Security Act • 1950s – CIA flourished and expanded its activities • 1960s – not good decade for CIA • 1970s even worse than 1960s • 1980s CIA recovered under Reagan

12. CIA History: The Good Ol’ Days1947-Early 1970s • Ends justify the means • Presidential directives, containment • Director Allen Dulles • Activities: manipulating elections, organizing resistance, overthrowing foreign governments, assassinations, supporting friendly autocrats, training personnel, domestic operations

13. CIA History: The “Fall” and Reform1970s • Rockefeller Commission • Pike and Church committee investigations • 1980 Intelligence Oversight Act—committees

14. CIA history: resurgence1980s • William Casey • Rejuvenation • Expansion • Explosion of major operations

15. The Modern CIA: Post-Cold War and 9/11 • Purpose, budget • Loss of soviet enemy, direction • Failures of September 11, pre-war intelligence • Post 9/11 • Increase in covert operations • Scrutiny, reform

16. Subculture of CIA • Recruited mostly from Ivy League Schools • Historically agents have been white men • Overwhelming air of mystery but agency relaxing a little • Specters : Espionage Agents • Cowboys: Political and Paramilitary Operatives

17. CIA Covert Operations • Directorate of Operations – National Clandestine Service • Espionage • Covert intervention

18. Security and Democracy:The Dilemma of Intelligence • Threat perception • Independence v. accountability • Secrecy v. availability of information • Legitimacy of covert ops • Necessity or excessive? • Secret prisons, Abu Ghraib, etc.

19. Future of CIA • CIA is another instrument of fp. • Covert actions provide something more forceful than diplomacy but less dramatic than military intervention. • But does the agency need to provide same services or be reduced?