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The Politics of United States Foreign Policy Chapter 6

The Politics of United States Foreign Policy Chapter 6. Military History: Past. Small career military Decentralized Source for political recruitment. Military History: Modern. Greater centralization National Security Act (1947) Emergence of a large, professional force

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The Politics of United States Foreign Policy Chapter 6

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  1. The Politics of United States Foreign PolicyChapter 6

  2. Military History: Past • Small career military • Decentralized • Source for political recruitment

  3. Military History: Modern • Greater centralization • National Security Act (1947) • Emergence of a large, professional force • Expansion of size and scope • DOD • Society within society

  4. Military: Functions • Defense of the government and state • Conduct operations under civilian leadership • Fight and destroy

  5. Defense Department • With end of Cold War, every strategic doctrine and weapons system built has to be reevaluated in light of current needs • Department needs to redefine its mission

  6. Structure of Defense Department • National Security Act of 1947 created CIA and national Security Council. Also created National Military Establishment (Department of Defense) that consisted of three executive level service departments (Army, Navy and Air Force – in 1952 Marines achieve equal status) • Service departments subordinated to Secretary of Defense • Joint Chief of Staff were to serve as primary advisors to President, NCS, and secretary of defense • DOD is implementer of US military policy and powerful influence in formulation of fp • Secretary of defense also major advisor to president regarding foreign policy • Office of International Security Policy • Office of International Security Affairs • Joint Chiefs provides link between professional military and civilian DOD leadership

  7. Organizational Structure • Services: Army, Navy, Marines and Air Force • Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS): coordinate strategy • Office of the Secretary of Defense • Ideal: hierarchical pyramid • Reality: fragmented, decentralized

  8. Organizational Structure OSD Joint Chiefs of Staff Individual Services • Ideal: • Pyramid:

  9. Organizational Structure • Post World War II: OSD services JCS

  10. Organizational Structure • Post-Goldwater-Nichols: OSD Advisory process COCOM’s CJCS services Operational process

  11. The Modern Military Establishment • Three key aspects: • Organizational structure and processes • Military subculture • American way of war

  12. Organizational Structure: Modern Fragmentation • Causes: • Budget and personnel • Resulting trends: • Information problems • Duplication • Coordination problems

  13. Military Subculture: Personnel Characteristics • Managerial style • Procurement and high technology • Preoccupation with careerism • Belief in separation of politics and combat • Concentration in warfare strategy

  14. Subculture of DOD • officers tend to come from South, Midwest and West • lower-middle class • politically conservative • more religious • manly virtues • rural • each service has own subculture

  15. The American Way of War • Training and organization • Pre- and following WWII – conventional • Following Korean War – conventional and nuclear • Vietnam – conventional and counterinsurgency • Post Vietnam through 1980’s – counterinsurgency weaknesses

  16. Lessons of Vietnam and Grenada • Problems: • Tactics • Equipment • Training • Others?

  17. Vietnam and Grenada: Impetus for Reform • Goldwater Nichols Act (1986) • Strengthens chair of JCS • Head of military • Advisor to president • Clarified military operational chain of command • Made joint service of increased significance • Results: coordination, information and duplication problems helped, not remedied

  18. DOD in flux? • What are implications? • must reorient itself in thinking, weapons, strategic concepts, budgeting, and roles and missions

  19. Problems with DOD • cut backs • low moral • fewer opportunities to rise in the ranks • early retirements • issue of gays in military and women in combat

  20. Military Advice • Civilian and Military advice on the use of force • Haig and Schultz v. Weinberger • Weinberger-Powell Doctrine • Limitations on presidential choice • Options • expectations

  21. Modern Warfare: Military Successes • Panama • Gulf War • Kosovo

  22. Modern Warfare:Unconventional • Iraq War • Civilian leadership: Donald Rumsfeld • Influence • Goals • Impact

  23. Modern warfare:the current climate • Unconventional wars • Iraq, Afghanistan • Pakistani instability • Military issues • Readiness and waste • Recruitment • Leadership and Morale

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