The Spirit Of Reform

1. The Spirit Of Reform

2. Andrew Jackson elected • orphaned at 14, undereducated, idol of the Democrats, from TN • Won fame in the Battle of NOLA • Spoils System • appointing people to government jobs based on party loyalty and support. Election of 1828

3. Jackson statue in New orleans

4. VP John C. Calhoun of SC put forth the idea of nullification in response to the Tariff of Abominations (1828) • Tariff of Abominations made imports VERY expensive - Nullification said that states had the right to declare a federal law null and void. Nullification Crisis

5. Hayne (SC), Webster (MA) Jan 1830. • Webster defended the Union, Hayne defended states rights. • Hayne – “ Liberty first and Union afterward” Webster & Hayne Debate

6. AJ response- “Our Union- it must be preserved” • Nov. 1832, SC adopted an ordinance of nullification declaring tariffs unconstitutional. • 1833 Congress passed the FORCE BILL • authorized President to use military to enforce acts of Congress. • 1842- SC repealed its nullification ordinance.

7. Indian Removal Act • provided money for relocating NA • most gave in and resettled in the West however the Cherokee in GA hired lawyers and sued GA in the SC • CJ John Marshall ordered GA to honor their rights, AJ refused.

9. AJ had fought the Creek and Seminoles and wanted all NA moved to the Great Plains area. • Supported in US because most Americans believed the Great Plains to be a wasteland. • 1838- Pres. Van Buren sent in the Army and forced the remaining people out of their homes into OK. Native Americans

10. over 2000 died in camps, 2000 died of starvation disease and hardships on the trail. Trail of Tears

11. AJ vs. National Bank • AJ thought the 2nd National bank was a MONOPOLY • AJ thought the bank was unconstitutional • Ended the 2nd Bank of the US • New Political party- WHIGS • AJ had gained lots of power from the “common man” • Whigs form in opposition • name is from the party in England that worked to limit the power of the King.

12. Democrats • AJ Supporters • Wanted limited federal government • Protect states rights • Whigs • AJ opposition • Large federal government • Industrial and commercial economy

14. Martin Van Buren- 1836 • Democrat • defeated 3 Whigs (they couldn’t agree on a true leader) • panic of 1837 • economic crisis • banks and businesses failed • farmers lost land • unemployment Increased

15. Martin van buren

16. 1. Election of 1840 • Whigs wanted to oust the Democrats • blamed Van Buren for the economic crisis • General William Henry Harrison • hero for his role in War of 1812 • southerner and former Democrat • left over Nullification crisis

17. William henryharrison

18. WON 234-60 • Inauguration • March 4, 1841 freezing cold but refused to wear a hat or coat. • came down with Pneumonia and died 32 days later • shortest term of ANY US President Election of 1840

19. - Succeeded to the Presidency • Nicknamed “His Accidency” • Opposed many Whig policies • he was put on the ballot for strategy • 1842 Webster- Ashburton Treaty • established a firm boundary between the United States and Canada from ME to MN John Tyler

20. New Immigrants • came to the US during the 1800s mostly from IRE and GY • Second Great Awakening • Religious leaders attempt to revive Americans commitment to religion. • Idea was that individuals must readmit God and Christ into their lives

21. Began in KY • New Groups • Joseph Smith • Mormons, Church of Latter-day Saints • Persecuted in IL Brigham Young took them to UT Second Great Awakening

22. Optimism from the Second Great Awakening influenced writers and philosophers. • Romanticism • advocated feeling over reason, inner spirituality over external rules, the individual above society, and nature over human created environments Literary Renaissance

23. Literacy Renaissance - Transcendentalism • urged people to over come the limits of their minds and let their souls reach out to embrace the beauty of the universe. • Ralph Waldo Emerson • fulfillment comes from being one with nature. • Henry David Thoreau • fight the pressure to conform

24. Utopian Society • felt that society tended to corrupt human nature • Formed their own utopia • ideal society

25. Reform Movements • preached the power of individuals to improve themselves and their world. • benevolent societies • sought to combat social issues. • Dorothea Dix- Prison reform • Temperance Movement • temperance- moderation in consumption of alcohol. • argued that no social issue caused more crime, disorder, and poverty than alcohol.

26. Temperance movement

27. Prison Reform • Rehabilitation rather than just lock up. • New Prisons- Penitentiaries • where individuals would work to achieve penitence or remorse. • Educational reform • Horace Mann • Leader, MA legislator, state board of Education creator, • Women’s education • higher education, earned a medical degree, boarding school.

28. Women’s Movement • IR changed gender roles • men left the home to work, traditional women roles emerged. • Seneca Falls Convention • organizers- Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton • marked the beginning of an organized women’s movement- women’s suffrage.

29. Seneca falls convention

30. Abolitionist Movement • Argued that enslaved African Americans should be freed immediately without gradual measures or compensation to former slave holders. • Gained strength in the 1830’s • Abolitionists • William Lloyd Garrison • founded Boston’s antislavery newspaper, the Liberator. • Frederick Douglass • escaped from slavery in MD • published his own antislavery newspaper, the North Star • Sojourner Truth • anti slavery orator

31. Abolitionist movement

32. Response to AM • North- various responses • threat to the existing social system • lead to an increase in freed AA to the N • overcrowding and unemployment • warned of a civil war • South- danger to their way of life • vital to the Southern way of life • south mainly agricultural. • “natural benefit”- SC governor • suppressed abolitionist media • Nat Turner • uprising that killed 50 VA