Chapter 6 The Progressive Spirit of Reform 1877-1920

1. Chapter 6 The Progressive Spirit of Reform 1877-1920 “The spirit of reform gained strength in the late 1800s and thrived during the early 1900s. The reformers, called progressives, were confident in their ability to improve government and the quality of life.” -TAJ

2. Section 1: The Gilded Age and The Progressive Movement

3. The Gilded Age The very rich lived very different lives- mansions in the cities and estates in the country- throwing elaborate parties. Gilded- something covered with a thin layer of gold "What is the chief end of man?--to get rich. In what way?--dishonestly if we can; honestly if we must."-- Mark Twain-1871 Middle class-professionals such as doctors, lawyers and ministers enjoyed a comfortable life. Many moved to the suburbs. Residential areas that sprang up outside of city centers as a result of improvements in transportation. Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner’s novel called The Gilded Age, became associated with America of the late 1800’s. Extravagant wealth with terrible poverty lying underneath.

4. What problems does our society face today? What problems were faced by our country in the late 1800s? Overcrowding, tenements, corruption, ethnic tensions . . . Living in a GILDED AGE

5. Goals of Progressive Reformers Business Urban Problems Government Focus on . . .

6. Political Machines -Powerful organizations linked to political parties -Controlled many city governments JOBS SERVICES

7. Political Boss Machine Representative in a district – which controlled the jobs and services of the area- was called a. . .

8. Gained votes for political parties by doing favors. Many were very dishonest Political Bosses

9. Corrupt Politicians Campaign Contributions Took Bribes Kickbacks

10. William Boss Tweed Head of New York’s Democratic Political Machine in 1860s & 70s One of the most corrupt city bosses

11. Tweed Ring Newspapers Police Courts Controlled

12. Cartoonist Thomas Nast exposed the Tweed Ring operators in his cartoons.

14. Tweed was convicted and sent to prison.

15. Tom Johnson, Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio from 1901-1909 Successful civic reformer. Because of him, Cleveland became known as the best-governed city in the United States.

16. Spoils System Patronage Rewarding political supporters with jobs and favors. Many who got government jobs were not qualified and were dishonest.

17. President Rutherford Hayes 1877-1881 President James Garfield 1881 Tried to change things by reforming the CIVIL SERVICE-a body of non-elected government workers No support from Democratic or Republican parties.

18. Garfield took office in 1881, but was assassinated by an unsuccessful office seeker before he could launch his reforms. Garfield felt people should get government jobs because of qualificationsnot for reward for political support.

19. President Chester A. Arthur Vice President who succeeded Garfield Continued to try to end the Spoils System. Passed the Pendleton Act Set up a Civil Service Commission Applicants to government jobs had to pass a test to prove they were qualified.

20. Who/What? Tweed Ring Changes Solutions Problems Bribes, dishonest election tactics , robbed city treasury, exchanged jobs and contracts for votes Dishonest New York City politicians led by “Boss” Tweed Reformers prosecuted them and passed laws Led to Civil Service Reform- Gov’t jobs based on merit

21. Controlling Businesses Sherman Antitrust Act Interstate Commerce Act Lowering Tariffs People felt trusts were getting to large; had too much control of the economy. Reining in the Railroads People believed high tariffs led to higher prices for goods. 1890, the Republicans raised tariffs sharply to protect American businesses from international competition. Voters sent many Democrats to Congress who supported lower tariffs (Grover Cleveland- 1893) Railroads had functioned as an oligopoly 1887- Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act which required railroads to charge “reasonable and just” rates” This was the first federal law to control trusts and monopolies. Supporters hoped it would keep trusts from limiting competition

22. Eugene V. Debs Ida Tarbell Upton Sinclair The New Reformers Socialists believed a nation’s resources should be owned and operated by the government. Debbs founded the American Socialist Party Writer for McClure’s magazine described unfair practices of the oil trusts. Her book, The History of the Standard Oil Company, warned of the giant corporation’s power. Muckrakers Journalists who exposed injustice and corruption by writing newspaper and magazine articles that brought attention to it to the public “RAKED” the “MUCK” out into public view. Book, The Jungle, described the horrors of the meatpacking industry. Meat Inspection Act passed in 1906. Pure Food and Drug Act passed

23. Expanding Democracy Increase people’s direct control over the government. Robert La Follette (“Fighting Bob” of Wisconsin) State of Oregon also made important changes in the political process to give voters more power. Initiative- allowed citizens to place a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election Referendum- gave voters the opportunity to accept or reject measures that state legislatures enacted Recall- enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials form their jobs. Seventeenth Amendment- provided for the direct election of senators Reformed the state electoral system Candidates were chosen by conventions run by party bosses. He introduced a direct primary electionallowing the state’s voters to choose their party’s candidates.

24. Initiative Recall Rights of Citizens 17th Amendment Referendum

25. Initiative Recall Rights of Citizens Referendum 17th Amendment Allowed citizens to put measures important to them on a ballot Allowed citizens to remove unsatisfactory officials from office Allowed voters to approve or reject measures enacted by the state legislature Provided for the direct election of senators

26. Section 2: Reforming the Workplace

27. Child Labor Laws In 1900, in factories. Many states passed laws stating that children had to be at least 12 years oldand couldn’t work more than 10 hoursa day. Many employers ignored the child-labor laws and they didn’t apply to agriculture (which employed about 1 million children.)

28. Children at work

31. Mary Harris Jones – Mother Jones Spent 50 years fighting for women’s rights. 1911, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory, a crowded sweatshop. Workers, mostly young, immigrant women couldn’t escape because employers locked the doors to keep them from leaving early. Nearly 150 died. Women and Unions The disaster lead theInternational Ladies’ Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) to push for a safer working environment.

33. Labor Organizations beliefs Some believed in capitalism, an economic system in which private businesses run most industries and competition determines the price of goods. While other believed………… Socialism- a system in which the government owns and operates a country’s means of production William Haywood created a socialist union called the Industrial Workers of the World. It was supposed to overthrow capitalism. Declined by the 1920s.

34. Section 3 The Rights of Women and Minorities

35. More children spent the day at school. Families became smaller. Technology made housework easier. Men worked away from home. Women were getting a higher education. Women were starting professional careers. Women’s Roles Change Many leaders of the urban reform movement were middle-class women. Their situations had changed in the late 1800’s. Responsibilities at home lessened. THE NEW WOMAN

36. Women’s Clubs At first these clubs were focused on cultural activities- music and painting. Gradually became more concerned with social problems. National Association of Colored Women Mary Church Terrell, the first president of NACW, an active leader for women’s rights. The association opened orphanages, hospitals and worked for women’s suffrage. Motto“Lifting As We Climb.”

37. Suffragistsformed organizations to promote their cause- a Constitutional Amendment allowing women to vote. American Woman Suffrage Association Anna Howard Shaw Carrie Chapman Catt National American Woman Suffrage Association National Women Suffrage Association Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton The Fight For Suffrage Women’s Right to Vote Fighting for women’s rights to vote in National elections Fighting for women’s rights to vote in state elections

38. “The whole aim of the [women’s] movement has been to destroy the idea that obedience is necessary to women; to train women to such self-respect that they would not grant obedience and to train men to such comprehension of equity [fairness] they would not exact [demand] it.” -Carrie Chapman Catt Speech to the National Women’s Suffrage Association, 1902

39. Opposition to Women’s Suffrage Upset society’s “natural” balance Lead to divorce and neglected children

41. Where were women first granted equal suffrage? 2. What was the status of woman suffrage in Alabama by 1919?

42. Continuing the Fight Alice Paul Quaker who founded the National Woman’s Party in 1916 A forceful leader of the suffragist movement Wantedgreater economic and legal equalityas well as suffrage for women Usedprotest marches and hunger strikes When she failed to get President Woodrow Wilson’s support, she led women protestors in front of the White House- Then went on a hunger strike. They were arrested for blocking the sidewalk. 19th Amendment 1919- Allowed women’s suffrage Ratified in 1920 in time for women to vote in the Presidential election

43. Women and Social Reform Working for a Better Life Trying to improve life for working-class people, immigrants and society. Supported staffed libraries, schools, and settlement houses and raised money for charities. Helped regulate the food and medicine industries; Pressured legislators to provide pensions for abandoned mothers with children and widows. Labor Movement Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) encouraged working women to form women’s labor unions, supported laws to protect the rights of women factory workers; raised money to help striking workers and to pay bail for those arrested during a strike. Carry Nation 18th Amendment Prohibition Amendment(1919) Temperance Crusade Crusade against the use of alcohol—PROHIBITION- passing laws to prohibit the making or selling of alcohol Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) established in 1874

44. Would the Prohibition Amendment solve a lot of the nation’s problems?Why or why not?

45. Anti-Catholicism Anti-Semitism Discrimination against African Americans Anti-Asian Policies Progressivism and Prejudice Racial Violence Prejudice and Discrimination Large Protestant population felt Catholics threatened the “American” way of life. Many Jewish immigrants came to America to escape prejudice and found some of the same anti-Semitic attitudes in the United States Prejudice- Americans felt they would take jobs by working for lower pay Free- but denied basic rights; Plessy v. Ferguson “Separate but Equal” KKK (Ku Klux Klan) Biased views- “white, male, native-born Americans had the right to make decisions for all of society.” Most Progressive reformers from upper and middle-class. Between 1886 and 1916, more than 2,600 African Americans were lynched. (Chinese were also lynched in the west.)

47. Struggle for Equal Opportunity Booker T. Washington Ida B. Wells W. E. B. Du Bois 1st African American to receive a doctorate degree from Harvard. Founded NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Founded Tuskegee Institute in 1881 The institute taught African Americans farming and industrial skills Launched a national crusade against lynching.

48. Section 4 Progressive Presidents

49. 1900 – Theodore Roosevelt received the Republican vice-presidential nomination. Republican leader Mark Hanna warned that there would be only one life between “that cowboy” and the White House. Less than 1 year later, President McKinley was assassinated. Theodore Roosevelt When the election resulted in a Republican victory, Hanna turned to President McKinley and said, “Now it’s up to you to live.” 42-year old Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest president in the nation’s history. When Roosevelt moved into the White House in 1901, he brought progressivism with him.

50. Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Environmental President “TRUST BUSTER” LABOR CRISIS