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Investigative Concepts: Inductive Reasoning, Deductive Reasoning, and Beyond

Explore the foundations of scientific reasoning through inductive and deductive methods. Learn how to state and solve problems, classify data, synthesize information, analyze evidence, formulate hypotheses, and develop theories.

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Investigative Concepts: Inductive Reasoning, Deductive Reasoning, and Beyond

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  1. Scientific Method of Reasoning State the problem Solve the problem Part 2

  2. Investigative Concepts • Induction - set of experiences - on observations - conclusion / generalization is drawn a. Inductive reasoning - begins with specific - goes to generalization - “sour apple theory” - argument = killer

  3. Concepts, cont. • Deduction - generalization or premise - careful, systematic thinking - moves to particular fact / consequence a. Deductive reasoning - begins with generalization - goes to specific b. Not necessarily lead to certainty

  4. Concepts, cont. • Classification (taxonomy) - systematic arrangement of objects - into categories - traits or characteristics • Classification can be: - natural - logical - arbitrary

  5. Synthesis • Combining separate parts / elements a. Elements - when combined - coherent view of crime - and it’s solution b. Examples: - witnesses - forensic examination - records

  6. Analysis • Starts with the whole - whether material substance / thought / impression - separate the whole - constitutional parts - individual study • Relevant information - three separate sources - people / records / physical evidence

  7. Hypothesis • Conjecture - accounts for a set of facts - guesswork • Basis for additional investigation - dead body found - drug dealer - a narcotics hit - additional evidence can change hypothesis - marital dispute

  8. Theory • Verified hypothesis - scheme of thought with assumptions chosen to fit empirical knowledge or observation • Speculative idea or plan - how something might be done - formulation of apparent relationships - underlying principles of observed phenomena - verified to some degree - popularly: mere conjecture / guess

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