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Chapter 12: Personality Theory, Research, and Assessment

Chapter 12: Personality Theory, Research, and Assessment. Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness. Personality Refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits The Five-Factor Model Extraversion (positive emotionality)

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Chapter 12: Personality Theory, Research, and Assessment

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  1. Chapter 12: PersonalityTheory, Research, and Assessment

  2. Defining Personality:Consistency and Distinctiveness • Personality • Refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits • The Five-Factor Model • Extraversion (positive emotionality) • Neuroticism (negative emotionality) • Openness to experience • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness

  3. Extrovert =

  4. Neurotic =

  5. Openness=

  6. Agreeableness =

  7. Conscientiousness =

  8. Psychodynamic Perspectives • Freud’s psychoanalytic theory • Structure of personality • Id - Pleasure principle • Ego - Reality principle • Superego - Morality • Levels of awareness • Conscious • Unconscious • Preconscious

  9. Psychodynamic Perspectives • Freud’s psychoanalytic theory • Conflict • Sex and Aggression • Suppressed most often • Anxiety • Caused by a fear the id or superego will overtake you • Defense Mechanisms • Way to prevent us from feeling guilt or anxiety

  10. Why do we use defense mechanisms? According to Freud, unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego sometimes lead to anxiety. This discomfort may lead to the use of defense mechanisms, which may temporarily relieve anxiety. Figure 12.3 Freud’s model of personality dynamics

  11. Sublimination – finding a socially appropriate outlet for id’s desires. ex: Becoming an MMA fighter to release aggression

  12. Freud on Development:Psychosexual Stages • Sexual = physical pleasure • Psychosexual stages • Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital • Fixation = Excessive gratification or frustration • Overemphasis on psychosexual needs during fixated stage

  13. Other Psychodynamic Theorists • Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology • Personal and collective unconscious • Archetypes – emotionally charged universal images • Introversion/Extroversion • “I am not a Jungian… I do not want anybody to be a Jungian. I want people above all to be themselves”

  14. Figure 12.4 Jung’s vision of the collective unconscious

  15. Other Psychodynamic Theorists • Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology • Striving for superiority- most motivating • Inferiority complex/overcompensation • Birth order

  16. Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives • Pros • The unconscious • The role of internal conflict • The importance of early childhood experiences • Cons • Poor testability • Inadequate empirical base • Sexist views • No predictive Value

  17. Trait Theory • Major theoretical areas in the study of personality • Gordon Allport • Raymond Cattell • Hans Eysenk • Suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions • Lists a number of traits, such as outgoing, kind and even-tempered • A History of Trait Theory

  18. Behavioral Perspectives • Skinner’s views • Conditioning and response tendencies • Determinism – behavior is fully determined by external forces • Bandura’s views • Social learning theory (social cognitive theory) • Reciprocal determinism - combo • Observational learning • Models • Self-efficacy

  19. Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives • Pros • Based on rigorous research • Insights into effects of learning and environmental factors • Cons • Over-dependence on animal research • Fragmented view of personality • Dehumanizing views

  20. Humanistic Perspectives • Carl Rogers • Person Centered Theory • Self-concept • Conditional/unconditional positive regard • Incongruence and anxiety • Abraham Maslow • Self-actualization theory • Hierarchy of needs • The healthy personality

  21. Figure 12.11 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

  22. Figure 12.12 Maslow’s view of the healthy personality

  23. Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives • Pros • Credited with highlighting the importance of a person’s subjective view of reality • Focused attention a healthy personality • Gave us client-centered counseling • Cons • Lacks a strong research base • Poor testability • May be an overly optimistic view of human nature (Maslow had a hard time finding live people who had self-actualized)

  24. Biological Perspectives • Eysenk’s theory • 3 higher order traits • Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism • Determined by genes • Twin studies • The Jim Twins • The evolutionary approach • Traits conducive to reproductive fitness

  25. Figure 12.14 Twin studies of personality

  26. Evaluating Biological Perspectives • Pros • Convincing evidence for genetic influence • Cons • Conceptual problems with heritability estimates • Artificial carving apart of nature and nurture • No comprehensive biological theory

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