Oceans/Marine Biology

1. Oceans/Marine Biology By Ms. Avery 8th grade Science

2. What do humans need to survive?(answer on paper) • What is necessary for humans to live? • Where do humans get the things they need to survive? • What sort of impact do you think would happen if any one thing needed for survival was no longer available? More than one? • How are nutrients and minerals used by the human body?

3. What does the Ocean need to survive? (answer on paper) • What are some things that live in the ocean? • What do these life forms need to survive? • What would happen if these nutrients or minerals were not available? • What is the connection between humans and living things in the ocean?

4. Oceanic Animal categories(write on paper) • Plankton: small organisms • Nekton: free swimming • Ex. Dolphins, seals, sharks, fish • Benthos: attached or near to ocean floor • Ex.: Coral, starfish, seaurchins

5. Ocean Life Zones(write on paper) • Intertidal: (Benthos and some nekton): Coastline (beach) ex. Crabs, small fish • Neritic Zone (Nekton and some Benthos): Coral Reefs, Kelp Forests, Salt marshes, Estuaries ex. Coral, starfish, clown fish • Oceanic: Open Ocean (Nekton) ex. Sharks and whales • Deep Sea: 1000m and below ex. Giant octopus, giant squid, angler fish

6. Classification • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

7. On paper write at least 2 facts from each of the next 4 slides (classes, plankton/benthos, fish and sharks/rays, and marine mammals)

8. Osteichthyes-bony fish Chondrichthyes- sharks and rays Mammals—whales, seals, dolphins, walrus, otters, polar bears, sea lions Birds- penguins, sea gulls, etc. Reptilia- sea snakes, sea turtles Cnidaria-jellyfish, sea anemones Molluska-whelk, clam, squid, octupus Phylum Arthropoda- horse shoe crabs, blue crabs Protista- dinoflagellates, diatoms Echinodermata-sea urchins, sand dollars star fish Ocean Animal Classes

9. Plankton Benthos Attached or near ocean floor Includes: Cnidaria (coral, sea anemones), Molluska (whelk, squid, clam, oyster), Arthropoda (horseshoe crab, blue crab) Plankton and Benthos Animals Autotrophs- make own food Heterotrophs -eat food Zooplankton- “Animalia” Some are babies And develop into Bigger animals. Others spend whole Life as plankton Phytoplankton- ”plantae” and some plant-like protists

10. Plankton and Benthos

11. Osteichthyes (bony fish) Free swimming-nekton Ex. Flounder, clownfish, rainbowfish, seahorse Heterotrophs-eat Chondrichthyes (cartilage) Free swimming-nekton Ex. Sharks and rays Heterotrophs-eat Made entirely of cartilage Fish and Sharks/Rays

12. Fish, Sharks, and Rays

13. Marine Mammals • Free swimming/land dwelling-nekton • Heterotrophs-eat • Give live birth, mammary glands, hair or fur, breathe Oxygen (use blow hole if live life in water • Orders: 1. Carnivora (polar bears, sea otters, seals, sea lions, and walruses) • Sirenia (manatee, dugong) • Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises)

14. Marine Mammals

15. Ocean Environments/Habitats On paper write at least 2 facts about each type of environment

16. Rocky Shoreline: Intertidal zone Mainly benthos but some nekton Changes in salinity, temperature, and water levels Hard substrate to be attached to Rough wave action Beach Shoreline: Intertidal zone Almost all benthos, few nekton Some land/air creatures (ex. Ghost crabs, sea gulls) Changes in salinity, temperature, and water levels Soft substrate (can’t really attach) Usually light wave action Rocky Shoreline vs. Beach shoreline

18. Floating Docks • Some benthos and nekton • Intertidal • Changes in salinity, temperature, and water levels • Hard substrate to attach to • Wave action from boats

20. Salt Marsh Neritic zone Higher salinity levels Along coast Changes in water levels and temperatures Nurseries for baby fish High levels of nutrients Estuary Ex. Bays Neritic zone Mixture of fresh and salt water Along coast Changes in water levels and temperature Nurseries for baby fish High levels of nutrients Salt Marshes and Estuaries

22. Coral Reef Hot Neritic Nekton and benthos Coral (tiny animals) deposit limestone which forms reef—also add to it when they die—animals and plants grow and live on the reef Delicate balance, diverse life forms Kelp Forest Cold Kelp is a protist Clear, semi-shallow water Can get up to 40 m deep Animals that live here are nekton and benthos neritic Nutrient rich Coral Reef and Kelp Forest

23. Coral Reef and Kelp Forest

24. Arctic/Polar • Cold • High salinity in water because of glaciers • Melting/freezing habitat • Nutrient rich waters • Mainly nekton (not much for benthos animals to attach to) • Intertidal/Neritic

26. Open Ocean • Cool • Nekton • Mainly fish • No shelter • Many large predators

28. Deep Sea • High pressure • Dark • Cold • Lots of nutrients from dead organisms that sink from surface • Nutrients from hydrothermal vents (hot here) • Low dissolved oxygen • Nekton with a few benthos around vents ***Hydrothermal Vents: Depend on chemosynthetic bacteria (not plankton) -Hot -High Pressure -Deep

30. Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Food Webs • Includes water and land animals • Fresh and salt water • Ex. Plankton---little fish---seal---polar bear • Write your own example • How would water pollution effect the food chain?

31. Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Food Webs • Includes water and land animals • Can be Fresh and/or Salt water • Ex. Plankton---little fish---seal---polar bear Write your own example (both land and water)-on your paper • How would water pollution effect the food chain you created?

33. Chemicals and Minerals

34. Dissolved Gases • GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE and the amounts of them dissolved in ocean water: • *Note: This includes all four forms of CO2