Giving It All Some Perspective: A Brief History

1. Giving It All Some Perspective: A Brief History Chapter 29

2. Outline • Two major orientations or traditions: • Operant conditioning • Respondent conditioning • Mixtures of orientations

3. The Operant-Conditioning Orientation • 1938 – B.F. Skinner published The Behavior of Organisms • Outlined basic principles of operant conditioning • 1950 – Keller and Schoenfeld wrote an introduction to psychology text, Principles of Psychology • Discussed principles of operant conditioning • 1953 – B.F. Skinner published Science and Human Behavior • How basic behavior principles influence everyday behavior • 1965 – Ullmann and Krasner published a collection of readings, Case Studies in Behavior Modification • First book with “behavior modification” in title

4. The Operant-Conditioning Orientation • Late 1960’s • Operant conditioning orientation spread throughout the Western Hemisphere • University training centers developed • Colleges offering courses • 1970’s • Applied behavior analysis used by many

5. The Respondent Conditioning Orientation • 1927 – Pavlov publishes a book, Conditioned Reflexes • “conditional reflexes” – reflexes that are conditional on pairing process • Systematic study of Pavlovian conditioning (respondent conditioning) • John B. Watson • 1913 – published a paper claiming that most human activities could be explained as learned habits • 1916 –adopted the conditioned reflex as the unit of habit • Argued that most complex activities were due to respondent conditioning • 1920 – Little Albert experiments • demonstrated that human emotional reactions could be conditioned in an experimental setting • Clark Hull (1943, 1952) • Developed a learning theory that capitalized on operant conditioning and respondent conditioning • Did not distinguished between 2 types of conditioning • Stated that reinforcement is involved in both types of conditioning

6. The Respondent Conditioning Orientation • Joseph Wolpe • Reciprocal inhibition – if one group of muscles is stimulated, an antagonistic muscle group will be inhibited • Extended principle to anxiety – using relaxation with anxiety – Systematic desensitization • 1958 published a book on reciprocal inhibition – major force of launching of modern era of respondent conditioning in behavior therapy • 1960’s Moved to the U.S. and started a program at Temple University • Hans Eysenck • Criticized Freudian procedures • 1960 – published a book of readings, Behavior Therapy and the Neuroses • Cases where respondent conditioning was used in therapy • 1963 – founded the journal Behaviour Research and Therapy

7. Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major Orientations • Social Learning Theory • Emphasis on regulation of behavior by external stimulus events, environmental consequences, and cognitive mediational process • Julian Rotter (1954), Social Learning and Clinical Psychology • Albert Bandura • Emphasizes observational learning in addition to respondent and operant conditioning • Emphasizes cognitive mediational processes as important influence on behavior • Self-efficacy – belief that one can perform adequately in a particular situation • 1969 - wrote Principles of Behavior Modification

8. Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major Orientations • Multimodal Behavior Therapy • Lazarus (1971, 1976) • Practicing clinicians should not restrict themselves to a particular theoretical framework, but should use a variety of behavioral techniques

9. Behavior Therapy, Behavior Modification, and Applied Behavior Analysis • Often used interchangeably • Behavior therapy – first used by Lindsey, Skinner, and Solomon (1953) • Term not used much by those within operant conditioning until Eysenck (1959) used it to describe procedures published by Wolpe • Behavior therapy – first appears in Watson (1962) • Applied Behavior Analysis – made popular in 1968 with the founding of Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis

10. The Future of Behavior Modification • Helping professions are increasingly adopting behavior modification procedures • Also being used in business, industry, sports, physical education, recreation, and promotion of healthy lifestyles. • Thorough knowledge of techniques may become necessary.

11. Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major Orientations • Cognitive Behavior Modification • Ellis and Beck • Focused on explaining maladaptive behaviors in terms of dysfunctional thinking • Cognitive restructuring as a primary treatment component