Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 The Colonies Grow

2. Section 1 LIFE IN THE COLONIES

3. LIFE IN THE COLONIES • Population Growth: Between 1607 and 1790: 600,000 Europeans and 300,000 Slaves came to America • Traveler of the colonies suggests that the colonies were “as different as fire and water,” and would never be able to unite.

4. LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND • Thin, rocky soil made large scale farming impossible. • New England farmers had small farms that practiced subsistence farming • Shipbuilding and fishing were major economic factors (ways to make money). • Ships from New England would trade goods (furs, fruit, and fish) to the Southern Colonies and to the West Indies. producing just enough food to meet the needs of their families, with little left over to sell/exchange

5. TRIANGULAR TRADE • The trade route to different countries formed the triangular trade. • They crossed the Atlantic to trade fish, fur, and fruit for manufactured goods in England and Europe. • They would also trade with colonies and islands in the West Indies, bringing sugar and molasses to the New England colonies. • In the colonies, the molasses would be made into rum. The rum was used to be traded to Africa, in return for slaves that had been captured.

7. THE MIDDLE PASSAGE • The Middle Passage is the route enslaved Africans took to the West Indies • It was a horrific voyage filled with disease, torture, heat, and death • The people were treated as cargo, and at times chained in the lower galleys of ships for the journey.

9. LIFE IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES • Farming was better here than in New England due to fertile soil and a slightly milder climate. • Farmers grew large quantities of wheat and other Cash Crops • NYC and Philadelphia became busy ports, importing and exporting products crops that could be sold easily in markets in the colonies and overseas

10. LIFE IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES variety 100,000Germans settled in Pennsylvania during this time. They became successful farmers. Together with the Dutch, Swedish and other non-English immigrants, they gave the Middle Colonies cultural diversity that was not found in New England. With the diversity came tolerance for religious and cultural differences.

11. SOUTHERN COLONIES • With their rich soil and warm climate, the Southern Colonies were well suited to certain kinds of farming. • They had no need to develop trade or industry because their farming was going so well. • Maryland and Virginia - tobacco

12. SOUTHERN COLONIES low-lying areas along the coast where damns were built to crate rice fields South Carolina and Georgia – rice Rice paddies required strenuous work so growers relied on slave labor. Tidewater was a region of flat low-lying plains along the seacoast which was home to most of the large Southern plantations.

13. SOUTHERN COLONIES • Plantations were located around rivers so the crops could be sent to the ports quickly. • They often had slave cabins, barns, and stables. Some plantations were large enough to have their own blacksmith shops and storerooms • They might have their own kitchen, church, or school. large farms

14. SOUTHERN COLONIES West of the Tidewater lay a region of hills and forest climbing up toward the Appalachian Mountains which was known as the backcountry. It was settled by newcomers with small farms.

15. SLAVES • Large plantation owners hired overseers to keep the slaves working hard. • By the early 1700s, many colonies had issued slave codes • Slaves were whipped for minor offenses and burned or hanged for serious crimes. • Those who ran away were often caught and punished severely bosses strict rules governing the behavior & punishment of enslaved Africans

16. CRITICISM OF SLAVERY • Slavery was the main reason for economic success of South Carolina • Not everyone believed in slavery • Puritans refused to hold enslaved people • Quakers did not allow slavery

17. Section 2 Government Religion and Culture

18. ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS • Signed in 1689 • Guaranteed certain basic rights to all citizens

19. MAKING MONEY • Mercantilism is a theory that states as a nation’s trade grows, its gold reserves increase, and the nation become more powerful. • England viewed its North American colonies as an economic resource by receiving its raw materials, using them to produce finished goods, and then selling them back to the colonists.

20. MAKING MONEY • To make money, a country had to exportmore goods than it imported from foreign markets. sell abroad buy from other countries

21. NAVIGATION ACTS • Navigation Acts • Controlled the trade of goods between England and the colonies • Forced colonies to use English ships, and NOT foreign ships. • Even if those foreign ships offered cheaper rates • Some colonists ignored the laws and started smuggling goods to Europe or the West Indies trading illegally with other nations

22. 3 TYPES OF COLONIES • Charter Colonies were established by settlers who had been given rights and privileges (CT, RI) • Proprietary Colonies – were ruled by individuals who Britain had granted land. (DE, MD, PA) • Royal Colonies were directly ruled by England. (GA, MA, NH, NJ, NY, NC, VA)

23. GOV’T IN THE ROYAL COLONIES • Parliament (The English Government) appointed a governor for each colony known as the upper house • The colonists elected the lower house • Conflicts would happen when laws like taxes came from England • Only white men who owned land could vote

24. THE GREAT AWAKENING • In the 1730’s and 1740’s, preachers believed that a “new birth,” a return to the strong faith of earlier days. • Preachers such as Jonathan Edwards of Massachusetts were very convincing in their sermons. • The great awakening led to: • Emphasis on education • Formation of new churches

25. A NEW COLONIAL CULTURE • All members of the families worked on the farm (including children and women) • Children would work as apprentices(learning assistants) and learn a trade

26. WOMEN • Married women were considered subject to their husbands authority. • Unmarried women might work as maids, cooks, and nurses. They could not vote.

27. THE ENLIGHTENMENT Began in Europe A movement that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society

28. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS • 1735 • John Peter Zenger • New York Weekly Journal • Faced libel charges for printing a critical report about the royal governor of NY • Andrew Hamilton argued in his defense that free speech was a basic right of English people • Decision based on truth not offensiveness

29. Section 3 France and Britain Clash in America

30. FRANCE VS. BRITAIN • British colonists set out to explore the Ohio River Valley, however that land belonged to the French. • The French were angry, because they felt the English were taking their fur trading lands. • The result was the French building forts on one side of the border and English Colonists building forts on the other side.

32. A RIGHT HOOK BY FRANCE • The colonists of both countries joined the rivalry that France and Great Britain have had for years. • France attacked Nova Scotia (Canada) in the 1740’s. England responded by taking an important fortress at Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, North of Nova Scotia • The British colonists felt surrounded by all the French settlements.

33. NATIVE AMERICANS TAKE SIDES • Native Americans favored the French because they treated them better. They would often help the French by raiding British settlements. • The Iroquois traded with both colonists, and took advantage of the situation. • However, as English colonists moved west toward Ohio, they came under pressure and eventually allied with the British against the French.

34. AMERICAN COLONISTS TAKE ACTION • A group of Virginians wanted to settle in Ohio and they sent a young George Washington to the territory. • He delivered a message to the French to leave English land, but France did not move. • In spring of 1754, he was named lieutenant colonel and was sent back to Ohio with a militiaof 150 men. a civilian army

35. BUILDING FORTS • Washington established Fort Necessity near the French fort, Fort Duquesne. • The French surrounded Washington and his soldiers, and forced them to surrender. • They were later released and sent back to Virginia. In spite of defeat, English colonists saw Washington as the man who struck the first blow against the French.

36. BACK IN ALBANY, NY • Representatives in NY, New England, PA, and MD talked about war. • They prepared for a war with France. • They tried to get the Natives on their side.

38. FAILURE • Ben Franklin suggested what would be known as the Albany Plan of Union. • It proposed the power to: • Establish an elected legislature • Collect taxes • Raise troops • Regulate trade • Not a single colonial assembly passed Franklin’s idea

39. A disappointed Franklin wrote, “Everyone cries, a union is necessary, but when they come to the manner and form of the Union their weak noodles are perfectly distracted.”

40. Section 4 The French and Indian War

41. PLANS PREPARING FOR WAR a civilian army Some natives fought on the side of the British. Many others fought against the British. The French formed alliances with Native Americans.

42. ENGLISH GOV’T GET INVOLVED • Previously, the conflict was about the colonists NOT England. • In 1754, England appointed General Edward Braddock commander in chief of the British forces in America and sent him to drive the French out of the Ohio Valley.

43. POOR DECISIONS • It took Braddock and his army several weeks to go through the forest. • He spent time building roads and bridges • George Washington served as one of his aides. • He informed Braddock that the army’s style of marching was not well suited to fighting in frontier country. • It made them easy targets.

44. On July, 9th Native Americans fought from behind trees and hills, and fired at the bright red uniforms. • The British could not see their attackers. • Braddock ordered an orderly retreat, but the opposite happened, and the troops panicked. • Braddock was killed, and the battle was a bitter defeat.

45. FULL SCALE WAR • Washington led the survivors back to Virginia and word got back to England about Braddock. • Britain officially declared war on France. • Marking the beginning of the Seven Years’ War.

46. SEVEN YEARS’ WAR • In Europe, the French and Indian War was called the Seven Years’ War. • The first years were disastrous for colonists. Native Americans used roads that General Braddock built on his way through Ohio against them. • They killed settlers, burned farmhouses and crops, and drove families back to the coast.

47. NEW PRIME MINISTER • William Pitt came to power as England’s Secretary of State and then as Prime Minister. • He was an outstanding military planner. • He chose skilled commanders. • To avoid colonists’ complaints about the cost of the war, he decided Great Britain would pay the full cost. • He delayed the moment colonists would have to pay for the war • Britain raised colonists’ taxes after the war.

48. In Pitt’s quest to conquer French Canada, he sent energetic officers Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe to North America. In 1758, they led a British assault that recaptured the fortress at Louisbourg A group of New Englanders captured Fort Frontenacc at Lake Ontario Another British assault forced the French to abandon Fort Duquesne then renamed Fort Pitt. THE TIDE TURNS

49. Quebec, the capital of New France, was thought to be impossible to attack. • One of Wolfe’s scouts found a poorly guarded path up the back of a cliff at night. • They defeated the guards and surprised and defeated the French capital. Wolfe died in battle.

50. TREATY OF PARIS 1763 • The fall of Quebec and General Amherst’s capture of Montreal brought the fighting to an end. • The Treaty of Paris • Was a peace treaty • Let France keep the West Indies • Forced to give up Canada and most of its lands east of the Mississippi River • Took Florida from Spain and gave it to Great Britain • Gave Spain French lands west of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans • France lost all power in North America