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Chapter 11. Industry. 1 st Set of Pictures. What do they have in common?. 2 nd Set of Pictures. What do they have in common?. Chapter 11. Industry. Industrial Power Shift.
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Chapter 11 Industry
Chapter 11 Industry
Industrial Power Shift • The recent success of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and other Asian countries is a dramatic change from the historic dominance of world industry by Western countries.
Geography of Industry: Factory Locations • Where is the Market • Where are the Resources • Site factors • Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital. • Situation factors • Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
Key Issues • Where did industry originate? • Where is industry distributed? • Why do industries have different distributions? • Why do industries face problems?
The Industrial Revolution • Industrial Revolution • A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. • Began in the north of the United Kingdom around 1750 • Diffused to Europe and North America in the nineteenth century and to the rest of the world in the twentieth century. • The Industrial Revolution resulted in new social, economic, and political inventions, not just industrial ones. • Prior to the Industrial Revolution, industry was geographically dispersed across the landscape. • Cottage industry • Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial revolution.
Industrial Revolution Hearths • The iron industry • James Watt’s steam engine, plus other inventions. • The textile industry followed. • Textile • A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing • New industrial techniques diffused from iron and textile industries in the 19th century.
Diffusion from the Iron Industry • Iron ore is mined from the ground. • The ore must be smelted (melted) in a blast furnace. • Henry Cort • patented two processes, known as puddling and rolling, in 1783, . . . to remove carbon and other impurities. • The combination of Watt’s engine and Cort’s iron purification process increased iron manufacturing capability. • Generated innovations in coal mining, engineering, transportation, and other industries. • Iron industry changed from dispersed pattern to clustering in 4 locations near coal mines.
Engineering • In 1795 James Watt and Matthew Boulton established the Soho Foundry at Birmingham, England, and produced hundreds of new machines. • From this operation came our modern engineering and manufacture of machine parts.
Transportation • Canals • In 1759 Francis Egerton built a canal between Worsley and Manchester. • This feat launched a generation of British canal construction. • Railways or “Iron horse” • Two separate but coordinated engineering improvements were required: the locomotive, and iron rails for it to run on. • The first public railway was from Stockton and Darlington in the north of England in 1825.
Diffusion from the Textile Industry • Textile Industry - 1760 and 1800 • Richard Arkwright. . . improved the process of spinning yarn. • Required more power than human beings could provide so they adopted Watt’s steam engine. • Transformed from a dispersed cottage industry to a concentrated factory system. • Chemicals • Traditional Method – Sour Milk or Human Urine • In 1746 established a factory in which sulfuric acid, obtained from burning coal, was used instead of sour milk. • 1798 Charles Tennant produced a bleaching powder made from chlorine gas and lime, a safer product than sulfuric acid. • Natural-fiber cloth, such as cotton and wool, is now combined with chemically produced synthetic fibers,. . . made from petroleum or coal derivatives. • Today the largest textile factories are owned by chemical companies.
Food Processing • Another industry derived from the chemical industry is food processing. • Canning requires high temperature over time. . . some four to five hours, depending on the product. • This is where chemical experiments contributed. • Calcium chloride was added to the water, raising its boiling temperature from 100°C to 116°C (2 12°F to 240°F). • This reduced the time for proper sterilization to only 25 to 40 minutes. • Consequently, production of canned foods increased tenfold.
Diffusion from the United Kingdom • Britain’s Crystal Palace became the most visible symbol of the Industrial Revolution, built to house the 1851 “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations.” • When Queen Victoria opened the Crystal Palace, the United Kingdom was the world’s dominant industrial power. • From the United Kingdom, the Industrial Revolution diffused eastward through Europe and westward across the Atlantic Ocean to North America. • From these places, industrial development continued diffusing to other parts of the world.
#2 - Where is Industry Distributed? • North America • Industrialized areas in North America • Changing distribution of U.S. manufacturing • Europe • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • East Asia
North American Manufacturing • Concentrated in NE US and SE Canada. • Early. . . settlement gave eastern cities an advantage. . . to become the country’s dominant industrial center. • The Northeast also had essential raw materials. . . and good transportation. • The Great Lakes and major rivers. . . were supplemented in the 1 800s by canals, railways, and highways. • Erie Canal
Manufacturing Value Change Fig. 11-5: The value and growth of manufacturing in major metropolitan areas in the U.S. between 1972 and 1997.
Europe and Manufacturing • The Western European industrial region • Appears as one region on a world map. • In reality, four distinct districts have emerged, primarily because European countries competed with one another to develop their own industrial areas. • Eastern Europe has six major industrial regions. • Four are entirely in Russia, • One is in Ukraine • One is southern Poland and northern Czech Republic. • There is also one east of the Ural Mountains called Kuznetsk.
Four Manufacturing Centers in Western Europe • Rhine - Ruhr Valley • Mid – Rhine • United Kingdom • Northern Italy
Manufacturing Centers in Eastern Europe and Russia • Central Industrial District • St. Petersburg Industrial District • Eastern Ukraine Industrial District • The Volga Industrial District • The Urals Industrial District • Kuznetsk Industrial District • Silesia
Manufacturing Centers in East Asia • 4 Asia Tigers (Dragons) • Hong Kong • Singapore • South Korea • Taiwan • Now China has huge manufacturing centers.
Key Issue 3: Why do industries have different distributions?- Industrial Location • Situation factors • Location near inputs • Location near markets • Transport choices • Site factors • Land • Labor • Capital • Obstacles to optimum location
Situation Factors • Situation factors • Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory. • A manufacturer tries to locate its factory as close as possible to both buyers and sellers. • If the cost of transporting the product exceeds the cost of transporting inputs, then optimal plant location is as close as possible to the customer. • Conversely, if inputs are more expensive to transport, a factory should locate near the source of inputs. • If the weight and bulk of any one input is particularly great, the firm may locate near the source of that input to minimize transportation cost.
Alaska Pipeline • 800 miles long • 48 inches in diameter • Crosses over 800 rivers • Construction began March 27 1975 • 3 years to build • Have loaded over 18,000 ships in Valdez