Ch. 32 Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21 st Century

1. Ch. 32 Latin America:Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century By: Roman Gonzalez, Clark Lurot and Veronica Pasamante

2. Overview • Latin America not as involved w/ WWII • Cold war  new revolutionary motives • Latin America continues previous political policies • Bolivia, Guatemala, and Cuba experience significant revolutions • Latin America look into many solutions • Social relations change over time

3. Latin America After WWII • 1945: Latin American countries dominated by authoritarian reformers • Getulio Vargas  Brazil • Juan Peron  Argentina • Peronism  Dirty War • 1982: Argentina and Britain

4. Mexico and the PRI • PRI: Party of the Institutionalized Revolution • 1994-armed guerilla movement by Zapatistas • Mexican gov. joins NAFTA • 2000- national election ends PRI • Vicente Fox becomes president

5. Radical Options in the 1950s • Desire to improve social and economic conditions • Revolution, democratic parties, Marxian Socialism • Radical solutions

6. Guatemala • Illiterate, poor health conditions, and high death rate • Juan Jose Arevalo • Spiritual socialism • Colonel Jacob Arbenz • US government invades • Low amount of reforms • Violence and instability

7. Cuba • Poor working and living conditions • US very involved • FulgencioBatista • Fidel Castro - opposed Batista Government • Socialist regime • Broke off relations with US  depended on Soviet Union • 1960: Industrialization failed

8. The Search for Reform and the Military Option • Latin America tended to spur revolutions  economic and social themes unchanged • Political stability to promote economic growth • Church as guide • Liberation theology combined Catholic theology and socialist principles

9. Soldiers Take Power • Latin American military more professional • 1964- Brazilian military overthrows president • 1973- Chilean military overthrows socialist government • New regime • President controlled by military • Violent opposition in Argentina dirty war • Policies affected working class the most

10. New Democratic Trends • 1980s: Governments return to civilian politicians • Argentina • 1983 elections • Brazil • 1989 elected first president since takeover • Peru • SenderoLuminoso • Nicaragua • Sandinista Party removed

11. New Democratic Trends Cont’d • Panama • US involvement • Guatemala • 1996 civilian government • Huge amount of debt • Commerce in drugs • Well established despite this

12. The United States and Latin America:Continuing Presence • After WWI US emerges as strongest power • Intervene greatly in Latin America • People resisted presence • Augusto Sandino • Direct intervention banana republic • Foreign interventions nationalist reaction • Good Neighbor Policy

13. Continuing Presence Cont’d • Alliance for Progress • 1970s: Friendlier relations with Latin America • 1980s: Back to intervention • Most aid went to military  left workers unprotected

14. Societies in Search of Change • Social and gender relations slowly change in Latin America • Sought to give Indian populations the right to vote

15. Women’s Roles • After WWI women remained inferior • Given right to vote • Feminist organizations brought change • Prejudices limited political influence • Large numbers entered the labor force • Active politically • 1990s: women had a position similar to Western Europe

16. The Movement of People • Populations increased dramatically • Immigration to Latin America and internal immigration • Governments supply laborers  illegal immigration • Politics major reason for migration • Rural to Urban • Rapid rate of growth

17. Cultural Reflections of Despair and Hope • Family, gender roles, business, and social interaction influence life • Culture thrives through crafts, images, and music • Powerful realist novels • “Magical realism”