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Chapter 10: America Claims an Empire

Chapter 10: America Claims an Empire. Objective. To understand how individuals and events moved the United States into the role of a world power and to recognize the effects of economic policies on U.S. diplomacy. Journal. When should the U.S. intervene in the affairs of another country?.

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Chapter 10: America Claims an Empire

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  1. Chapter 10: America Claims an Empire

  2. Objective • To understand how individuals and events moved the United States into the role of a world power and to recognize the effects of economic policies on U.S. diplomacy

  3. Journal • When should the U.S. intervene in the affairs of another country?

  4. Imperialism • The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

  5. Global Competition

  6. Global Competition

  7. Three Factors Fueled American Imperialism • 1. Desire for military strength • 2. Thirst for new markets • 3. Belief in cultural superiority

  8. Desire for Military Strength • Admiral Alfred T. Mahan of U.S. Navy urges govt. to build up American naval power • Modern battleships • Maine and Oregon

  9. Thirst for New Markets • Better technology -> farms + factories overproduced -> new markets needed for agricultural and manufactured goods • U.S. needed raw materials for factories

  10. Belief in Cultural Superiority • Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest • Racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons • Moral responsibility to spread Christianity

  11. Acquiring Alaska • Seward – Sec. of State – persuades Congress to buy Alaska (1867)

  12. The U.S. Takes Hawaii • Important port on the way to Asia • U.S. imports Hawaii sugar tax-free (1875) • McKinley-Tariff of 1890 palaces tax on Hawaiian sugar • American planters ask U.S. to annex Hawaii • Naval base at Pearl Harbor (1887)

  13. The U.S. Takes Hawaii • Queen Liliuokalani (1891) wants to remove property qualifications for voting • American business groups organize a revolution • New govt. led by Sanford B. Dole • 1898 Hawaii is named American territory • Statehood = 1959

  14. Assignment • What were the economic and cultural factors that fueled the growth of American imperialism? • How did the U.S. acquire Alaska? • How did the U.S. acquire Hawaii?

  15. http://www.history.com/topics/spanish-american-war/videos#mckinley-faces-war-assassinationhttp://www.history.com/topics/spanish-american-war/videos#mckinley-faces-war-assassination

  16. Groups • 1. http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/spanish-american-war#sect-preparation

  17. Section 2 • THE SPANISH – AMERICAN WAR

  18. Cubans Rebel Against Spain

  19. Cubans Rebel Against Spain • Jose Marti starts a revolution (1895) against the Spanish • American sugar plantations are destroyed • American opinions are split

  20. War Fever Escalates • Spanish General Valeriano Weyler sends 300,000 Cubans into concentration camps (1896)

  21. Yellow Journalism • Sensational style of writing/exaggerated news • Hearst’s New York Journal vs. Pulitzer’s New York World • “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war” – Hearst

  22. War Fever Escalates • Pres. McKinley wants to avoid war with Spain • de Lome (Spanish minister) writes letter and calls McKinley “weak”

  23. War with Spain Erupts • “Remember the Maine!” • 260 Americans die when U.S.S. Maine explodes • U.S. declares war on Spain

  24. War with Spain • George Dewey (Navy Admiral) takes over Philippines • Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo aid the Americans • Naval blockade of Cuba • 125,000 volunteers with inadequate supplies fought • Rough Riders, cavalry unit led by T. Roosevelt, and two African American regiments take San Juan Hill • Spain loses Cubaand then Puerto Rico

  25. War with Spain Erupts • Treaty of Paris ends the war in 1898 • U.S. buys Philippines (then annexes it) and Spain hands over Guam and P. Rico

  26. Assignment • Page 351 • Questions 2,3, and 4

  27. Panama Canal • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/panama/player/

  28. 12/9 – Journal • 1. What is imperialism? • 2. Why did the U.S. get involved? • 3. What were the three factors that pushed the Americans into becoming an imperial power? • 4. What lands did we take over first? • 5. What happened with Hawaii? • 6. What triggered the Spanish-American War? • 7. What lands do we acquire?

  29. Section 3: Acquiring New Lands

  30. Ruling Puerto Rico • Controlled by U.S. military • Strategic importance = close to Panama • 1900 Foraker Act = ends military rule, U.S. Pres. appoints governor of P. Rico • 1917 American citizenship for P. Ricans • Now -> P. Rico is a commonwealth • move freely, cannot vote in. presidential elections

  31. Cuba • Officially independent • Occupied by American military troops • 1901- Platt Amendment • Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory • The U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba • Cuba was not to go into debt • The U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations

  32. Cuba • Becomes a U.S. protectorate – a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power • American businesses = sugar, tobacco, mining, railroads

  33. Philippine-American War • U.S. annexes the Philippines • Emilio Aguinaldo feels betrayed andorganizes revolt • 1899-1903 • 200,000 Filipino civilians die • 20,000 Filipino rebels • 4,000 Americans die (many African Americans) • Cost $400 million • U.S. sets up govt. and selects a governor • Philippines become independent in 1946

  34. China • European nations had spheres of influence • U.S. Secretary of State, John Hay, issues Open Door notes (1899) • Letters addressed to leaders of imperialistic nations supporting open trade

  35. China • Boxer Rebellion (1900) • Secret societies kill thousands of missionaries and foreigners • International forces put down rebellion • A new Open Door note -> 1. U.S. economy depended on exports, 2. U.S. had right to intervene abroad to keep markets open

  36. The Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains • Anti-Imperialist League – U.S. should not rule other people without their consent • 1900 – William McKinley, an imperialist, is reelected

  37. Discussion Questions • 1. Why was Puerto Rico important to the U.S.? • 2. Why did the Filipinos rebel? • 3. Why did Secretary of State John Hay issue the policy statements known as the Open Door notes?

  38. Section 4:America as a World Power

  39. Teddy Roosevelt and the World • 1904 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia declares war on Japan • Japan is defeating the Russians but runs out of money • T. Roosevelt arranges a deal • Japan takes over Russian land in Korea and Manchuria but takes back the cash payment

  40. Teddy Roosevelt and the World • Panama Canal = greatly reduce travel time for commercial and military ships • U.S. buys French company route for $40 million • Philippe Bunau-Varilla, French agent, helps organize Panamanian rebellion against Colombia • U.S. pays Panama $10 million and annual rent of $250,000

  41. Constructing the Canal • 1904-1914 • Malaria, yellow fever, soft volcanic soil • $380 million • 5,600 workers died from accidents or disease • Damaged U.S. relations with Latin America even with $25 million payment to Colombia

  42. Roosevelt Corollary • Latin American nations took out loans from European banks • 1904 Roosevelt adds the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine = U.S. would use force to protect its economic interests in L. America

  43. Dollar Diplomacy • Pres. Taft supported American business owners/bankers loaning money to L. American countries to pay off debts to Europeans

  44. Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy • U.S. has moral responsibility to deny recognition to any L. American govt. it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, anti-U.S. (1913) • Mexican Revolution • Porfirio Diaz, military dictator, encouraged foreign investments • Americans owned Mexican oil wells, mines, railroads • 1911 – Francisco Madero organizes a group of peasants/workers to overthrow Diaz • General Huerta orders execution of Madero and takes control of govt. • Wilson will not recognize the new Mexican govt • Wilson sends troops to occupy Veracruz (Mexican port) after American sailors are arrested near by • Venustiano Carranza becomes Pres. Of Mexico in 1915 and U.S. removes troops

  45. Rebellion in Mexico • Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata opposed Carranza’s govt. • Zapata = land reform • Villa = against foreign powers in Mexico • Followers killed 17 Americans in New Mexico • Pres. Wilson orders General John J. Pershing to capture Villa • 150,000 National Guardsmen stationed at Mexican border • U.S. and Mexican troops clash • With a war in Europe to fight Americans back off

  46. Questions Section 4 • 1. Using American Power (list ways they used American power around the world during their presidency) • 2. What do you think were the similarities and differences between Roosevelt’s Big Stick Policy and Wilson’s missionary diplomacy? • the goal of each of these foreign policies • How the policies defined the role of U.S. intervention in international affairs • How the policies were applied

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