Chapter 20

1. Chapter 20 The Nation Claims an Empire

2. America Is Ready to Expand • Americans started to believe that they needed to expand • Americans were making more than they were using • Certain required goods can only be obtained overseas • Imperialism – The policy of conquering other countries to build an empire

3. Anglo-Saxon “Superiority” • The idea that Anglo-Saxons were superior was combined with the belief in survival of the fittest • theory of the survival of the fittest • Josiah Strong- a Congregational minister preached the superiority of Anglo-Saxons and was a strong supporter of Imperialism

4. Sea Power • Alfred Thayer Mahan_____ • Argued that a strong navy was crucial to be successful in peacetime and unstoppable in wartime • A navy needed to protect shipping lanes • Strategically located bases for refueling • The United States needed 4 things • A modern fleet • Naval bases in the Caribbean • A canal across the isthmus of Panama • Hawaii and other islands in the Pacific Ocean

5. Cuba • The United States has always wanted Cuba • Jefferson wanted to annex it • Polk tried to buy it from Spain • In the 1860’s, Southerners tried to get it admitted as a slave state

6. Independence • In 1868, the war of independence broke out • It lasted for ten years • 250,000 people lost their lives • The rebels lost • Spain agreed to end slavery • Promised to allow some self-government • They lied

7. America’s Involvement • After the slaves were freed in Cuba in 1886, Americans started to invest $ in Cuba • Sugar plantations were set up • It was the basis of the Cuban economy • America was the main buyer of sugar (90%) • The tariff (tax) was removed and production soared • After ten years, the American Sugar Refining Company lobby pressured Congress to impose a tariff • The Cuban economy was ruined

8. Let’s Give Independence One More Try • The war started in 1895 • It was led by poet/writer Jose Marti • Rebels used guerilla warfare • They destroyed plantations hoping for American involvement • American opinion was split • Some supported Spain and their money • Others supported the freedom of Cubans

9. The Yellow Press • Support for Cuban independence was growing in America • Hearst and Pultizer battled for newspaper supremacy • Reporters would mix in false stories of horrible atrocities with real stories to sell papers • Artist Frederic Remington wrote Hearst from Cuba telling him war between the US and Spain seemed unlikely • Hearst replied “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll supply the war.”

10. The Start of War • President McKinley hoped a peaceful end could be met b/n Spain and Cuba • Cuba refused all peace terms unless they were given complete independence • Two incidents only a week a part would pull the US into war with Spain

11. The de Lome Letter • The Spanish minister to the United States had a private letter stolen from the post office by a Cuban rebel and leaked it to Hearst’s Journal • It called McKinley a weak President who only sided with popular opinion • This enraged Americans • de Lome soon resigned

12. Remember The Maine! • The USS Maine was stationed off the coast of Cuba in case Americans became endangered by Cuban riots • On the evening of February 15, a large explosion rocked the boat killing 260 of the 350 men on board • Some say it was a mine, or an explosion in the coal bunkers

13. Remember The Maine! • Hearst offered $50,000 for the capture of the men responsible • People wanted war, and Hearst egged them on • Spain gave in to all of the demands made by America, including a 6 month cease fire • On April 19, Congress agreed to McKinley’s request to use military force to end the fighting in Cuba

14. Dewey Takes Manila • Admiral Dewey took his fleet against the outdated guns of the Spanish fleet and won the battle in early May • The Spanish lost 381 men • The US lost 1 man (An overweight man died of a heart attack) • Over the next 2 months 11,000 troops landed in the Philippines and joined forces with rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo • By August, Spanish troops surrendered to American forces in Manila

15. Invading Cuba • The army prepared to invade Cuba • They did not have enough guns • Not enough khaki cloth • They had to wear heavy wool coats in the summer • T. Roosevelt formed the Roughriders • A mixture of cowboys, Indians, former sheriffs from the western territories of Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, and polo boys.

16. Santiago Falls • The roughriders and 2 black regiments bravely charge two hills and take them-San Juan (Kettle) • On July 3, the Spanish fleet makes a run for it, but they are captured or sunk • The Spanish fleet surrendered to America-Admiral Sampson called it a July 4th present to US • July 17 - Santiago surrendered • July 26 – US invades Puerto Rico • August 12 – An armistice is declared • December 10 – The US and Spain sign the Treaty of Paris

17. The US Annexes The Philippines • The Treaty of Paris of 1898 • Cuba becomes independent • The US takes over Puerto Rico and Guam • The US takes over as ruler of the Philippines • The US pays $20 Million to Spain • Many people were against this Imperialist agenda • Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Grover Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison

20. Cuba Becomes a Protectorate • Protectorate – A country whose affairs are controlled by a stronger country • The US opened schools, built roads, railroads, and dock facilities • Yellow Fever killed 800 people a year in Cuba • Americans helped eradicate the breeding places of the mosquito that carried the disease from person to person

21. The Cuban Constitution According to America • The Cuban Constitution was drafted in Wash D.C. and presented to the Cuban constitutional assembly for approval • The provisions became known as the Platt Amendment

22. The Platt Amendment • There were 5 major parts of the Amendment • Cuba could not make any treaties that would limit its independence • Cuba could not allow any foreign power to control any part of its land • The US has the right to intervene in Cuba’s internal affairs to help protect the people • Cuba was not to go into debt • The US could buy or lease land for naval stations or coal mines

23. Puerto Rico Becomes a Commonwealth • The Foraker Act of 1900 provided a governor appointed by the President • 1917 Puerto Ricans became US citizens • In 1950 Puerto Rico becomes a commonwealth. Puerto Rico can make its own laws and handle its own finances, while the US takes care of defense and tariffs

24. Hawaii • By 1872 Hawaiians were a minority on their own island due to immigrants who came to work cane fields • Tariffs between US and Hawaii were removed in 1875 and again in 1887 • The US also took over the coaling station of Pearl Harbor • King Kalakaua was forced to change the Hawaiian constitution to only allow men who owned land or had “x” amount of money to vote

25. Hawaii for Hawaiians • Queen Liliuokalani replaced her brother • She promised to remove property qualifications from the constitution • US minister to Hawaii, John Stevens, led marines and white business men to overthrow the Hawaiian government • A provisional government formed the Republic of Hawaii, wrote a constitution, and elected a pineapple grower, Sanford B. Dole, president. • On August 12, 1898, the Hawaiian Islands became a territory of the United States

26. Philippine Freedom • The people of the Philippines felt betrayed by the US • A war in the Philippines against the US lasted from 1899 – 1901 • After the war, the Jones Act (1916) replaced the appointed commission with an elected senate • July 4, 1946 – The Philippines becomes an independent republic

27. China Opens The Door • Many countries had a sphere of influence in China • Many imposed extra-territoriality on China • Open Door Policy • Proposed by John Hay and enacted in March 1900 • Countries would not prevent others from doing business in other countries • Countries would not charge other people higher rates that their own merchants would pay

28. The Boxer Rebellion • The Boxers were a Chinese secret society • They did not like Western influence in China • They attacked and killed many people • A joint force (US, GB, Fr, Ger, Jap) was sent in and put down the rebellion in two months • Many European nations saw this as a chance to take over more land • The US set a policy to “preserve the Chinese territorial and administrative entity.”

29. Japan and Russia Fight • Japan had Korea • Russia had Manchuria • Russia wanted Korea • Japan warned Russia to get out of their Sphere • Russia did not • Japan attacked and kicked Russia’s behind • Teddy Roosevelt worked out the Treaty of Portsmouth which ended the war and won himself the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906

30. The Panama Canal • The US would control a canal they built, if they let other countries use it without hassle • The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty • After a revolution in Colombia, the treaty was signed that had the US pay $10 Million for the land and $250,000 a year in rent

31. The Monroe Doctrine • “Walk softly and carry a big stick” • “If the American nation will speak softly and yet build and keep at a pitch of the highest training a thoroughly efficient navy, the Monroe Doctrine will go far” • Huh? • The Roosevelt Corollary • If any nation had to intervene in the affairs of a Latin American country, that nation would be the United States