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The Blood

Tortora

joey
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The Blood

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    1. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-1 The Blood

    2. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-2 Cells of the body are serviced by 3 closely related fluids Blood composed of plasma and a variety of cells transports nutrients, gases and wastes Tissue fluid bathes the cells of the body Lymph Tissue fluid that does not first return directly to blood vessels but instead passes thru lymph nodes and then back to blood Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the blood into the tissue fluid & then into a cell’s cytoplasm Wastes and carbon dioxide move in the reverse direction Fluids of the Body

    3. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-3 Lymphatic System

    4. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-4 Functions of Blood Transportation O2, C O2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat & hormones Regulation helps regulate pH through buffers helps regulate body temperature When sweat (comes from blood) evaporates takes large amount of heat away helps regulate water content of body cells Protection from disease & loss of blood

    5. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-5 Physical Characteristics of Blood Thicker (more viscous) than water, flows more slowly than water Temperature of 100.4 degrees F / 38 degrees C pH 7.4 (7.35-7.45) 8 % of total body weight Blood volume 5 to 6 liters in average male 4 to 5 liters in average female

    6. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-6 Techniques of Blood Sampling Venipuncture sample taken from vein with hypodermic needle & syringe Usually just inside of elbow Why stick an vein? less pressure closer to the surface Finger or heel stick common technique for diabetics to monitor daily blood sugar method used for infants

    7. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-7 Components of Blood Hematocrit 55% plasma 45% cells 99% RBCs < 1% WBCs and platelets

    8. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-8 Blood Plasma 0ver 90% water 7% plasma proteins created in liver (antibodies/immunoglobulins) antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens form antigen-antibody combination fibrinogen for clotting 2% other substances electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products

    9. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-9

    10. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-10

    11. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-11 Formed Elements of Blood Red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) White blood cells ( leukocytes ) Platelets (special cell fragments)

    12. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-12 Number of RBC Anemia not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin Polycythemia too many RBCs (over 65%) dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in athletes

    13. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-13 Blood Doping EPO Injecting previously stored RBC’s before an athletic event more cells available to deliver oxygen to tissues Dangerous increases blood viscosity forces heart to work harder Banned by Olympic and all sporting assoications

    14. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-14 Formation of Blood Cells Most blood cells types need to be continually replaced WBC die within hours, days or weeks, RBC destroyed after 3-4 months In adult occurs only in red marrow of flat bones like sternum, ribs, skull, vertebra, pelvis and upper portion of femur and humerus

    15. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-15 Contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood its red color 1/3 of cell’s weight is hemoglobin (250 million Hb/cell!!) increased surface area/volume ratio flexible shape for narrow passages no nucleus or other organelles no cell division or mitochondrial ATP formation Normal RBC count male 5.4 million/drop ---- female 4.8 million/drop new RBCs enter/leave circulation at 2 million cells/second Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes

    16. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-16 Hemoglobin Globin protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains One heme pigment attached to each polypeptide chain each heme contains an iron ion (Fe2+) that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule

    17. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-17 Transport of O2 and CO2 Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen(O2) molecules from lungs to tissue cells Hemoglobin transports 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release combines with amino acids in globin portion of Hb

    18. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-18 RBC Life Cycle RBCs live only 120 days wear out from bending to fit through capillaries no repair possible due to lack of organelles Worn out cells removed in spleen and liver by permanently attached WBCs RBC breakdown products are recycled Blood cells are replaced w/in 5-7 days after donation -but temp. uses up Fe3+ stored supplies Blood bank makes you wait 8 weeks

    19. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-19

    20. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-20 WBC Anatomy and Types All WBCs (leukocytes) have a nucleus and no hemoglobin Granular or Agranular

    21. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-21 WBC Only 2% of total WBC population is in circulating blood at any given time rest is in lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, skin, lungs& spleen

    22. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-22 WBCs can leave blood vessels WBCs roll along & squeeze between cells. Some can engulf/phagocytize bacteria & debris Attracted to chemicals released at injury/infection

    23. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-23 Bone Marrow Transplant Intravenous transfer of healthy bone marrow Procedure destroy sick bone marrow with radiation & chemotherapy donor matches surface antigens on WBC put sample of donor marrow into patient's vein for reseeding of bone marrow success depends on histocompatibility of donor & recipient Treatment for leukemia, sickle-cell, breast, ovarian, testicular cancer, lymphoma or aplastic anemia

    24. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-24 Platelets A cubic milliliter contains ~ 250,000 platelets. Thrombocytes are small, nucleated cells that are involved in clotting of blood. A cubic milliliter contains ~ 250,000 platelets. Thrombocytes are small, nucleated cells that are involved in clotting of blood.

    25. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-25 Platelets Disc-shaped, cell fragment with no nucleus Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/drop of blood Other blood cell counts 5 million red & 5-10,000 white blood cells

    26. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-26 Stopping Bleeding vascular spasm platelet plug formation blood clotting formation of fibrin threads

    27. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-27 Blood Clotting

    28. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-28 Overview of the Clotting Cascade Prothrombinase is formed by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway Final common pathway produces fibrin threads

    29. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-29

    30. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-30 Anticoagulants and Thrombolytic Agents Anticoagulants suppress or prevent blood clotting heparin administered during kidney dialysis and surgery warfarin (Coumadin) antagonist to vitamin K so blocks synthesis of clotting factors slower than heparin Thrombolytic agents are injected to dissolve clots Aka “Clot Busters” directly or indirectly activate plasminogen streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

    31. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-31 Blood Groups and Blood Types RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined markers (glycoproteins & glycolipids) agglutinogens or isoantigens distinguishes at least 24 different blood groups ABO, Rh, Lewis, Kell, Kidd and Duffy systems

    32. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-32 ABO Blood Groups Based on 2 markers called A and B found on the cell membrane of RBCs display only antigen A -- blood type A display only antigen B -- blood type B display both antigens A & B -- blood type AB display neither antigen -- blood type O Plasma contains isoantibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found in your blood anti-A antibody reacts with antigen A anti-B antibody reacts with antigen B

    33. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-33 Rh blood groups Antigen was discovered in blood of Rhesus monkey People with Rh markers on RBC surface are Rh+. Normal plasma contains no anti-Rh antibodies Antibodies develop only in Rh- blood type & only with exposure to the antigen transfusion of positive blood during a pregnancy with a positive blood type fetus Transfusion reaction upon 2nd exposure to the antigen results in destruction of the RBCs in the donated blood

    34. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-34 Transfusion and Transfusion Reactions Transfer of whole blood, cells or plasma into the bloodstream of recipient used to treat anemia or severe blood loss Incompatible blood transfusions antigen-antibody complexes form between plasma antibodies & “foreign proteins” on donated RBC's (agglutination) donated RBCs become leaky (complement proteins) & burst loose hemoglobin causes kidney damage Problems caused by incompatibility between donor’s cells and recipient’s plasma Donor plasma is too diluted to cause problems

    35. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-35 Universal Donors and Recipients People with type AB blood called “universal recipients” since have no antibodies in plasma only true if cross match the blood for other antigens People with type O blood cell called “universal donors” since have no antigens on their cells, still have A & B agglutinins theoretically can be given to anyone

    36. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-36

    37. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-37

    38. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-38

    39. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-39 Umbilical Cord Contents 2 arteries that carry blood to the placenta 1 umbilical vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus primitive connective tissue Stub drops off in 2 weeks leaving a scar called the umbilicus

    40. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-40

    41. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-41 Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (erythroblastois fetalis) Rh negative mom and Rh+ fetus will have mixing of blood at birth. Anti-Rh antibodies are 5x smaller than the A, B antibodies. These small antibodies will cross the placental barrier Mom's body creates Rh antibodies unless she receives a RhoGam shot at 28 weeks (greatest risk of maternal-fetal exchange) and w/in 72 hours after delivery, miscarriage or abortion. RhoGam binds to loose fetal blood and removes it from body before her immune system reacts In 2nd + child, if mom had no RhoGam, hemolytic disease of the newborn may develop causing hemolysis of the fetal RBCs

    42. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-42 Anemia = Not Enough RBCs Symptoms oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced fatigue, cold intolerance & paleness lack of O2 for ATP & heat production

    43. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-43 Sickle-cell Anemia (SCA) Genetic defect in hemoglobin molecule (Hb-S) that changes 2 amino acids at low very O2 levels, RBC is deformed by changes in hemoglobin molecule within the RBC sickle-shaped cells rupture easily = causing anemia & clots Found among populations in malaria belt Mediterranean Europe, sub-Saharan Africa & Asia Person with only one sickle cell gene increased resistance to malaria because RBC membranes leak K+ & lowered levels of K+ kill the parasite infecting the red blood cells

    44. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-44 Hemophilia Inherited deficiency of clotting factors bleeding spontaneously or after minor trauma Under the skin & inside of the muscles bleeding nosebleeds, blood in urine, inside of the joints (very painful) Hemophilia A lacks factor VIII (primarily males) most common Hemophilia B lacks factor IX (primarily males) Hemophilia C (males & females) less severe because alternate clotting activator exists Treatment is transfusions of fresh plasma or concentrates of the missing clotting factor

    45. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e ?2000 JWS 19-45 Leukemia- cancer of WBC Acute leukemia crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by uncontrolled production of immature WBC prevents production of RBC & platelets Chronic leukemia accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die

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