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Fig. 9-1, p. 183

Fig. 9-1, p. 183. Fig. 9-2, p. 185. Passenger pigeon. Great auk. Dodo. Golden toad. Aepyornis (Madagascar). Fig. 9-2, p. 185. Fig. 9-3, p. 186. Number of species existing. Effects of a 0.1% extinction rate. 5 million. 5,000 extinct per year. 14 million. 14,000 extinct per year.

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Fig. 9-1, p. 183

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  1. Fig. 9-1, p. 183

  2. Fig. 9-2, p. 185

  3. Passenger pigeon Great auk Dodo Golden toad Aepyornis (Madagascar) Fig. 9-2, p. 185

  4. Fig. 9-3, p. 186

  5. Number of species existing Effects of a 0.1% extinction rate 5 million 5,000 extinct per year 14 million 14,000 extinct per year 50 million 50,000 extinct per year 100,000 extinct per year 100 million 50 100 150 200 0 Number of years until one million species are extinct Fig. 9-3, p. 186

  6. Fig. 9-4, p. 187

  7. African elephant Kirkland’s warbler Knowlton cactus Florida manatee Grizzly bear Siberian tiger Utah prairie dog Golden lion tamarin Humpback chub Swallowtail butterfly Northern spotted owl Giant panda Whooping crane Black-footed ferret Blue whale Mountain gorilla Florida panther California condor Black rhinoceros Hawksbill sea turtle Fig. 9-4, p. 187

  8. Fig. 9-5, p. 188

  9. Characteristic Examples Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Specialized niche Elephant seal, desert pupfish Narrow distribution Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Feeds at high trophic level Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtle African violet, some orchids Rare Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Commercially valuable California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Large territories Fig. 9-5, p. 188

  10. Characteristic Examples Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Specialized niche Elephant seal, desert pupfish Narrow distribution Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Feeds at high trophic level Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtle African violet, some orchids Rare Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Commercially valuable California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Large territories Stepped Art Fig. 9-5, p. 188

  11. Fig. 9-6, p. 189

  12. Fishes 34% (51% of freshwater species) Amphibians 32% Mammals 25% 20% Reptiles 14% Plants Birds 12% Fig. 9-6, p. 189

  13. Fig. 9-7, p. 189

  14. Fig. 9-8, p. 190

  15. Rosy periwinkle Cathranthus roseus, Madagascar Hodgkin's disease, lymphocytic leukemia Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian cancer Rauvolfia Rauvolfia sepentina, Southeast Asia Anxiety, high blood pressure Neem tree Azadirachta indica, India Treatment of many diseases, insecticide, spermicide Foxglove Digitalis purpurea, Europe Digitalis for heart failure Cinchona Cinchona ledogeriana, South America Quinine for malaria treatment Fig. 9-8, p. 190

  16. Fig. 9-9, p. 191

  17. Fig. 9-10, p. 193

  18. NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Causes of Depletion and Premature Extinction of Wild Species Underlying Causes • Population growth • Rising resource use • Undervaluing natural capital • Poverty Direct Causes • Habitat loss • Pollution • Commercial hunting and poaching • Habitat degradation and fragmentation • Climate change • Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants • Overfishing • Introduction of nonnative species • Predator and pest control Fig. 9-10, p. 193

  19. Fig. 9-11, p. 194

  20. Fig. 9-11a, p. 194

  21. Indian Tiger Range 100 years ago Range today Fig. 9-11a, p. 194

  22. Fig. 9-11b, p. 194

  23. Black Rhino Range in 1700 Range today Fig. 9-11b, p. 194

  24. Fig. 9-11c, p. 194

  25. African Elephant Probable range 1600 Range today Fig. 9-11c, p. 194

  26. Fig. 9-11d, p. 194

  27. Asian or Indian Elephant Former range Range today Fig. 9-11d, p. 194

  28. Indian Tiger Black Rhino Range 100 years ago Range in 1700 Range today Range today African Elephant Asian or Indian Elephant Former range Probable range 1600 Range today Range today Stepped Art Fig. 9-11, p. 194

  29. Fig. 9-12, p. 195

  30. Number of bird species 609 400 200 1 Fig. 9-12, p. 195

  31. Fig. 9-13, p. 196

  32. Black-capped vireo Golden-cheeked warbler Cerulean warbler Sprague’s pipit Bichnell’s thrush Florida scrub jay California gnatcatcher Kirtland's warbler Henslow's sparrow Bachman's warbler Fig. 9-13, p. 196

  33. Fig. 9-14, p. 199

  34. Fig. 9-14a, p. 199

  35. Deliberately Introduced Species Purple loosestrife European starling African honeybee (“Killer bee”) Nutria Salt cedar (Tamarisk) Hydrilla Marine toad (Giant toad) Water hyacinth Japanese beetle European wild boar (Feral pig) Fig. 9-14a, p. 199

  36. Fig. 9-14b, p. 199

  37. Accidentally Introduced Species Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire ant Common pigeon (Rock dove) Brown tree snake Eurasian ruffe Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-horned beetle Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae Fig. 9-14b, p. 199

  38. Deliberately introduced species Purple loosestrife European starling African honeybee (“Killer bee”) Nutria Salt cedar (Tamarisk) Hydrilla Marine toad (Giant toad) Water hyacinth Japanese beetle European wild boar (Feral pig) Accidentally introduced species Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire ant Common pigeon (Rock dove) Brown tree snake Eurasian ruffe Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-horned beetle Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae Stepped Art Fig. 9-14, p. 199

  39. Fig. 9-15, p. 200

  40. Fig. 9-16, p. 200

  41. Fig. 9-17, p. 201

  42. Fig. 9-18, p. 201

  43. Fig. 9-19, p. 202

  44. DDT in fish-eating birds (ospreys) 25 ppm DDT in large fish (needle fish) 2 ppm DDT in small fish (minnows) 0.5 ppm DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm DDT in water 0.000003 ppm, or 3 ppt Fig. 9-19, p. 202

  45. DDT in fish-eating birds (ospreys) 25 ppm DDT in large fish (needle fish) 2 ppm DDT in small fish (minnows) 0.5 ppm DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm DDT in water 0.000003 ppm, or 3 ppt Stepped Art Fig. 9-19, p. 202

  46. Fig. 9-20, p. 203

  47. Fig. 9-21, p. 204

  48. Fig. 9-A, p. 205

  49. Fig. 9-22, p. 206

  50. Fig. 9-23, p. 208

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