PLANT NOTES

1. PLANT NOTES

2. Characteristics of Plants • Photosynthesis • Takes place within the chloroplast of the plant cell which contain the green pigment chlorophyll • Plants are considered to be a producer or autotroph because can make their own food

3. Photosynthesis Equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water + sunlight Oxygen + Glucose Cellular Respiration: Oxygen + Glucose Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

4. Cuticle - waxy layer that coats most of the surfaces of plants • keeps plants from dryingout • protects evergreen needles from the cold temperatures in the winter.

5. Cellwall-surround the plant cell to keep plants upright • Carbohydrates (cellulose) and proteins make up the hard material • Support and protect the plant

6. Reproduction Two stages in the plant life cycle: • Sporophyte: plants makespores • The spores of some plants grow into new plants called gametophytes. • Gametophyte: plant stage that produces sex cells, the female gametophyte produces eggs, the male gametophyte produces sperm.

7. Function of Roots • Supply plants with water and dissolved minerals from the soil • Holds the plants securely in the soil • Store surplus food made during photosynthesis

8. Root Systems • Taproot - one main root • Fibrous – has several roots that spread out from the base of the plant’s stem

9. Function of Leaves • Make food for the plant. • Chloroplasts capture energy from the sunlight and make it into glucose through photosynthesis

10. Structure of a Leaf • Stomata– tiny openings in the epidermis that let carbon dioxide enter the leaves • Guard Cells– open and close the stomata • Most photosynthesis takes place in the palisade layer

11. Function of Stems 1. Support the plant body -leaves are arranged to get sunlight for photosynthesis -hold up flowers, which help pollinators 2. Some store materials

12. 3. Vascular tissues in some plants Transport materials between the root system (system below the ground)and the shoot system (system above the ground) • Xylem transports water and minerals through the plant • Phloem transports food(glucose) molecules to all parts of a plant

13. Types of Stems • Herbaceous stems – soft, thin, and flexible • Woody stems – rigid stems made of wood and bark

14. Seed Structure • Sporophyte – young plant • Cotyledon – seed leaves in plants (stored food) • Seed Coat – surround and protect the young plant

15. Advantage of Seeds • Young plant is able to use the stored food • Can be spread more efficiently by animals

16. Flower Parts • Sepals – modified leaves that make up the outermost ring of the flower and protect the bud.

17. 2. Petals – one of the ring or rings of the usually brightly colored, leaf-shaped parts of a flower. -attract insects or other animals to the flower.

18. 3. Stamen - male reproductive structures of the flower *Filament *Anther – produce pollen

19. 4. Pistil - female reproductive structures -usually found in the center of the flower -stigma-tip of the pistil, where pollen collects -style-long, slender part of the pistil -ovary-produces eggs in ovule

20. Importance of Flowers • Flowers help plants reproduce • Some can be eaten, used to make tea • Used in perfumes, lotions, and shampoos

21. The ORIGIN of Plants • Some scientists thinkgreen algae andplantsshare a common ancestor.

22. Classification • 1. Nonvascular Plants - lackspecialized conducting tissues and true roots, stems, and leaves Examples:Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

23. 2. Seedless Vascular Plants • Examples: Ferns, horsetails, club mosses

24. 3. Vascular Plants, WITH seeds, nonflowering • Gymnosperms - a woody vascular seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fruit • Examples: Pine Trees

25. 4. Vascular Plants WITH seeds, flowering • Angiosperms- a flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit • Examples: Lily, rose, apple tree

26. GYMNOSPERMS Vascular plants with seeds but without flowers Characteristics: • Seed plants that do NOT have flowers or fruits • Seeds are protected by a cone

27. Importance • People use conifer wood for building material and paper products • Pine trees produce resin • Resin is used to make soap, turpentine,paint, and ink • Used to produce anticancer drugs, anti-allergy drugs • Popular in gardens and parks

28. Life Cycle • Conifer- “cone-bearing” • Pollen contain sperm (male) • Female gametophyte produces eggs • Wind carries pollen • *Pollination-transfer of pollen from the male cones to the female cones

29. ANGIOSPERMS Vascular Plants with seeds and with flowers Characteristics: • Produce flowers and fruits • Most abundant plants today (90%) • Flowers help angiosperms reproduce • Flowers attract animals (insects) • Fruits surround and protect seeds

30. Importance • Provide many land animals with food • Major food crops for people, for example corn, wheat, rice • Used for buildingmaterials, furniture, make clothing and rope • Flowering plants are also used to make medicines (from all parts – the roots, leaves and flowers) , rubber, and perfume oils

31. CLASSES: • Monocots • Dicots

32. MONOCOT • Cotyledon – one • Vascular arrangement – scattered • Leaf veins – parallel • Flower parts – multiples of 3 • Roots – fibrous • Examples – grass, orchids, onion, lilies

34. Dicot • Cotyledon – two • Vascular arrangement – ring • Leaf veins – branching • Flower parts – multiples of 4 or 5 • Roots – taproot • Examples – rose, cactus, sunflower, peanuts, peas

35. Photosynthesis • The process by which plants make their own food (glucose)

36. Capturing Light Energy • Chloroplast -organelles in which photosynthesis takes place • Chlorophyll - is the green pigment

37. Photosynthesis: Making Sugar (glucose) Energy from the sun • Carbon Dioxide + Water Oxygen + Glucose Cellular Respiration: The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food. • Oxygen + Glucose Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

38. Gas Exchange: • Plant surfaces are covered by a waxy cuticle • Cuticle protects the plant from water loss • Stoma-openings in the leaf’s epidermis • Stoma are surrounded by guard cells • Transpiration: loss of water from leaves When light is available for photosynthesis, the stomata are usually open. At nighttime, the stomata close to conserve water.

39. Importance of Photosynthesis • Plants and other photosynthetic organisms form the base of nearly all food chains • Rely on cellular respiration to get energy • Cellular respiration requires oxygen

40. Reproduction of Flowering Plants • Pollination happens when pollen is moved from anthers to stigma • Usually wind or animals move pollen • After fertilization the ovuledevelops into the seed. • The ovary surrounding the ovule becomes the fruit. • When seeds aredormant, they are inactive. They are dormant when the conditions in the environment are unfavorable. For example too cold or too dry. • Germination = sprouting

42. Responses to the Environment • Tropism – growth in response to a stimulus • Phototropism – change in the direction a plant grows that is caused by light. • Gravitropism – change in the direction a plant grows in response to gravity. • Hydrotropism –change in the direction a plant grows that is caused by water.

43. Leaf Loss • Evergreentrees: shed their leaves year-round a little at a time so that some leaves are always on the tree. • Examples: Pine Trees • Deciduoustrees: lose all of their leaves around the same time each year. • Examples: Apple Trees