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Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion

Understand motivation, hunger, sex drive, achievement motivation, and emotions. Learn about biological and psychological factors, theories of motivation, and sexual orientation. Discover how needs, drives, and incentives impact behavior. Dive into psychological perspectives on desire, self-actualization, and cognitive dissonance. Explore the impact of biological influences, psychological factors, and societal perceptions on hunger and weight control. Gain insights into eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and their origins in familial, societal, and personal dynamics.

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Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion

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  1. Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion

  2. Learning Outcomes • Define motivation including needs, drives, and incentives. • Identify the theories of motivation.

  3. Learning Outcomes • Describe the biological and psychological contributions to hunger. • Explain the role of sex hormones and their sexual response cycle in human sexuality.

  4. Learning Outcomes • Describe achievement motivation. • Identify the theoretical explanations of emotions.

  5. The Psychology of Motivation

  6. Motives and Incentives • Motives • Hypothetical states that activate behavior toward a goal • Incentives • Object, person, or situation viewed as capable of satisfying a need, or desirable for its own sake

  7. Needs and Drive • Needs • Physical needs - state of deprivation • Psychological needs • Drives • Needs give rise to drives • Drive arouse us to action

  8. Theories of Motivation

  9. Evolutionary Perspective • Species-specific behaviors • Instincts or fixed-action patterns • Inborn behavior patterns

  10. Drive-Reductionism and Homeostasis • Primary drives activate behavior • Hunger, thirst, pain • Acquired drives gained through experience • Drive for money, social approval, affiliation • Homeostasis • Tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

  11. Search for Stimulation • Stimulus motives • Seek to increase stimulation • Lower animals and humans seek novel stimulation • Evolutionary advantage

  12. Truth or Fiction? • Getting away from it all by going on a vacation from all sensory input for a few hours is relaxing.

  13. Truth or Fiction? • Getting away from it all by going on a vacation from all sensory input for a few hours is relaxing. • FICTION!

  14. Humanistic Theory • Abraham Maslow • Motivated by a conscious desire for personal growth • Human’s unique capacity for self-actualization • Hierarchy of Needs

  15. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  16. Cognitive Perspectives • World is represented mentally • Strive to eliminate inconsistencies • Motivated to justify behaviors and beliefs • Cognitive-dissonance theory

  17. Hunger

  18. Biological Influences on Hunger • Signals of satiety • Chewing and swallowing • Hunger pangs

  19. Biological Influences on Hunger • Hypothalamus • Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) functions as a “stop- eating” center • Hyperphagic • Lateral hypothalamus functions as a “start-eating” center • Aphagic

  20. Psychological Influences on Hunger • Watching television increases the amount of food we eat

  21. Truth or Fiction? • People feel hunger due to contractions (“pangs”) in the stomach.

  22. Truth or Fiction? • People feel hunger due to contractions (“pangs”) in the stomach. • TRUE!

  23. Being Overweight: A Serious and Pervasive Problem • 2 out of 3 adult Americans are overweight • Unhealthy weight gain in America has increased • Obesity is a risk for chronic medical conditions • Weight control is elusive for most people

  24. Factors in Becoming Overweight • Biological Factors • Heredity, adaptive thermogenesis, body fat, metabolism • Psychological Factors • Obesogenic environment, stress, emotional states

  25. Eating Disorders • Characterized by persistent, gross distortions in eating patterns • Anorexia Nervosa • Bulimia Nervosa

  26. Anorexia Nervosa • Life-threatening eating disorder characterized by • extreme fear of being too heavy • dramatic weight loss • distorted body image • resistance to eating enough to reach or maintain a healthy weight • Most common in women during adolescence and young adulthood

  27. Bulimia Nervosa • Repeated cycles of binge eating and purging • Tends to afflict women during adolescence and young adulthood

  28. Origins of Eating Disorders • Family dynamics • Role of eating and dieting • Child abuse • Sociocultural climate • Idealization of thin females

  29. Truth or Fiction? • Fashion magazines can contribute to eating disorders among women.

  30. Truth or Fiction? • Fashion magazines can contribute to eating disorders among women. • TRUE!

  31. Sexual Motivation andSexual Orientation

  32. Hormones and Sexual Motivation • Activating effects • Testosterone increases the sex drive • Many female animals are receptive to males only during estrus • Organizing effect • Predispose lower animals toward stereotypical mating patterns (masculine or feminine)

  33. Sexual Response and Sexual Behavior • Sexual response cycle • Vasocongestion • Swelling of genital tissues with blood • Myotonia • Muscle tension

  34. Sexual Response Cycle • Excitement • Plateau • Orgasm • Resolution • Male – refractory period

  35. Sexual Behavior in the United States • Surveys of sexual behavior • Kinsey reports • National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

  36. Teenagers Who Have Had Sex at Least Once

  37. Sexual Orientation • Heterosexual orientation • Sexually attracted to and interested in people of the opposite sex • Homosexual orientation • Sexually attracted to and interested in people of their own sex • Bisexual • Attracted to both females and males

  38. Origins of Sexual Orientation • Social-cognitive theory • Reinforcement and observational learning • Genetic factors • Twin studies – comparison of MZ and DZ twins • Sex hormones • Presence of testosterone may regulate sexual motivation

  39. Achievement Motivation

  40. Achievement Motivation • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • McClelland studies of college students • Relationship between achievement motivation and career choices

  41. A Drawing Similar to Those on TAT Cards

  42. Achievement Motivation • Performance goals • Extrinsic rewards – praise, income • Learning goals • Intrinsic rewards – self-satisfaction

  43. Emotion

  44. Emotions • Feeling state with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. • Autonomic nervous system • Sympathetic nervous system • Parasympathetic nervous system

  45. Components of Emotions

  46. Expression of Emotions • Universal facial expression of some emotions • Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Sadness, Surprise • Voice, posture and gestures also provide clues

  47. Photographs Used in Research by Paul Ekman

  48. Positive Psychology • Contributing factors to happiness • Genetics • Impact of positive and negative events • Socio-economic circumstances • Social relationships • Religion • Attitudinal aspects • Cognitive bias

  49. Truth or Fiction? • Money can’t buy you happiness.

  50. Truth or Fiction? • Money can’t buy you happiness. • FICTION!

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