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Unit 8. Motivation and Emotion

Unit 8. Motivation and Emotion. College Board - “Acorn Book” Course Description 6-8% (previously 7-9% ). “It’s the only way I can get myself out of bed in the morning". Source: New Yorker Magazine. Summary Outline. A. Biological Bases B. Theories of Motivation

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Unit 8. Motivation and Emotion

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  1. Unit 8. Motivation and Emotion College Board - “Acorn Book” Course Description 6-8% (previously 7-9% )

  2. “It’s the only way I can get myself out of bed in the morning" Source: New Yorker Magazine

  3. Summary Outline • A. Biological Bases • B. Theories of Motivation • C. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain • D. Social Motives • E. Theories of Emotion • F. Stress

  4. A. Biological Bases • Evolutionary View • Sources of Motivation: • Biological factors • Emotional factors • Cognitive factors • Social factors

  5. B. Theories of Motivation • Instinct Theory • Evolutionary Approach • Behavioral Predispositions • Drive Reduction Theory (Homeostasis) • Arousal Theory • Incentive Theory

  6. Instinct? Need? Drive? Incentive? Unit V. States of Consciousness

  7. C. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain • Hunger and Satiety as opposing processes

  8. Biological signals • Role of Hypothalamus (Stimulation and lesioning studies) • Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) • Lateral = Side • Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) • Ventro = Beneath, Medial = Center • Duality of Hypothalamic Functions (Hunger / Satiety)

  9. The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 1

  10. The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 2

  11. The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 3

  12. The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 4

  13. The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 5

  14. The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 6

  15. Other Factors in Hunger and Satiety • Signals from the Blood • Glucose Regulation - Glucostatic Theory (Glucostats) • Hormonal Regulation • Insulin (Hunger) • Cholecystokinin (CKK) (Satiety) • Set Point • Genetic Predispositions (Fat cells, Obese Gene?) • Dopamine deprived lacks the motivation to seek food but enjoys food when it is available • Drugs that elevate serotonin levels are powerful appetite suppressants

  16. Personal Factors in Hunger • External Cues • Social factors • Cultural factors • Eating Disorders • Obesity • Anorexia Nervosa • Bulimia Nervosa

  17. Biology of Sex • Sexual Response Cycle • Sex hormones • Social and Cultural Factors in Sexuality

  18. Gender

  19. Achievement Motivation “How will you ever know whether you’re a flying squirrel if you don’t give it a shot?”

  20. D. Social Motives • Achievement Motivation (McClelland) • Fear of Failure • (Fear of Success – Horner) • Maslow’s Hierarchy • Need to Belong (Fromm) • Industrial Organizational Psychology • Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivation • Theory X / Theory Y • Task / Social Leadership

  21. Achievement Motivation

  22. E. Theories of Emotion • Defining Emotions, • Naming Emotions, • Categorizing Emotions • Components of Emotion • Cognitive: Subjective Feelings • Physiological: Autonomic Arousal • Behavioral: Nonverbal Expressiveness

  23. Figure 12-3 The Limbic System

  24. Paul EkmanEmotions / Facial Expression • Anger • Disgust • Fear • Happiness • Sadness • Surprise

  25. Affect Theory – Sylvan TomkinsThe Innate Affects • Positive Emotions • Enjoyment/Joy - smiling, lips wide and out • Interest/Excitement - eyebrows down, eyes tracking, eyes looking, closer listening • Neutral • Surprise/Startle - eyebrows up, eyes blinking

  26. Negative • Anger/Rage - frowning, a clenched jaw, a red face • Disgust - the lower lip raised and protruded, head forward and down • Dis-smell (reaction to bad smell) - upper lip raised, head pulled back • Distress/Anguish - crying, rhythmic sobbing, arched eyebrows, mouth lowered • Fear/Terror - a frozen stare, a pale face, coldness, sweat, erect hair • Shame/Humiliation - eyes lowered, the head down and averted, blushing

  27. “It’s refreshing to find someone today who’s not angry.” Emotions

  28. Biology of Emotions • Limbic System (Amygdala) • Hemispheric Contributions to Emotion • Role of Autonomic Nervous System

  29. Theories of Emotion • James-Lange • View that emotions bEmotion • Facial feedback hypothesis • Cannon-Bard • Simultaneous Body response/Emotion • Schachter-Singer – Two Factor Theory • Body response/Cognitive Interpretation • Misattribution of arousal • Excitation transfer

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