Journal #9

1. Journal #9 • Conquest – the act of conquering • Conquistadores– Spanish soldiers who came to America to get rich (gold) • Plantations – large farms that specialized in one crop • Inflation – an increase in prices • Charter – written permission to form a colony

2. Bonus Questions • What is a monopoly? • What is the full name of the Italian explorer who North and South America are named after? • What was the original name given to the Pacific Ocean? • Explain the Columbian Exchange

3. 2.3 and 2.4 The Spanish Arrive and The Race for Empires

4. Things to Know After These Notes • Reasons for the Spanish victory over the Aztec people • The 3 types of settlements in New Spain (Mexico) • Be able to explain the Protestant Reformation and how it effects us today

5. The Conquistadores • Conquered Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico before going into the interior of the Americas • 1519 – Hernan Cortes is sent to Mexico with 500 soldiers, 16 horses, a few guns, and a few thousand Indian allies • Eventually Cortes conquers the Tenochtitlan and the Aztecs • 2 reasons for Spanish victory • Disease killed many of the Aztecs • The Aztecs were fighting among themselves

6. Other Conquistadors • Juan Ponce de Leon – landed in Florida in 1513 – he named it La Florida • Francisco Pizarro – Invaded and conquered the Inca from Chile to Columbia in the 1530s • Hernando de Soto – explored what is now the southeast U.S., he became the first European to cross the Mississippi River • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – went to western North America looking for the Seven Cities of Cibola (gold), because of him Spain claims much of North America

7. Francisco Pizarro Ponce de Leon De Soto

8. New Spain • By the mid-1500s Spain’s focus changed from conquering to creating and ruling an empire • The Council of the Indies oversaw the government in Spanish America • 2 viceroys governed

9. Settlements in New Spain • Pueblos – towns which served as trading posts and government centers. Usually had a central plaza with houses, a church, and businesses with farms outside the pueblo. • Missions – settlements started by the Catholic Church to convert Native Americans to Christianity. • Presidios – military settlements built to protect towns and missions from attacks.

10. The Encomienda System • Spain wanted Spaniards to move into their new lands. The encomienda system rewarded settlers who agreed to move. • How it worked: Spanish settlers called encomenderoshad the right to demand tax and labor from Indians. Many Indians were abused and many died.

11. Bartolome de Las Casas • A Spanish priest who defended the rights of Native Americans • Las Casas got reforms passed, but many ignored the laws

12. The Plantation System • The encomienda system did not work in Florida and in the Caribbean • Some Native Americans resist and others die from diseases • In 1501 the Spanish begin to bring enslaved Africans to work on plantations

13. Spain’s American Empire • In 1650 – 3 to 4 million people, about 80% Native American • Spanish law split the population into social classes (groups) • Peninsulares – Spaniards from Spain, at the top • Criollos – Spanish born in the Americas • Mestizos – Born to Spanish and Native parents • Native Americans – very limited rights • African slaves – fewer rights than Native Americans • Women also had limited rights but they could own property in America – they could not in Spain

14. In the Borderlands • Few people lived in this area which included Northern Mexico, Florida, California, Arizona New Mexico, and Texas • Some of the first permanent settlements in the present U.S. • Florida – 1565 • Santa Fe – 1609 • El Paso – 1659 • Eastern Texas and California were the last to be settled

15. The Race for Empires 2.4

16. Conflict between Spain and England • In 1517 Martin Luther starts the Protestant Reformation – a religious movement • These people were called Protestants because they protested some practices of the Catholic Church • As this movement spread, so did violence between Catholics and Protestants

17. Spain and England • Fought over the Protestant Reformation • Spain’s King Philip II was Catholic • England’s Queen Elizabeth I was Protestant • In 1588 King Philip put together a huge fleet of ships called the Spanish Armada • The Armada is defeated by faster English ships and stormy weather

18. Spanish Armada

19. Inflation in Spain • Spain had been the most powerful nation in Europe, but its power was declining • The wealth from the Americas created high inflation, people start to buy goods from other countries • The Spanish eventually quit making their own goods and their wealth declines • Eventually Spain can’t buy or produce what they need to keep their power, other countries found colonies in America

20. The Search for a Northwest Passage • England sends John Cabot in 1497 • France sends Jacques Cartier in 1534 • Samuel de Champlain explores the Great Lakes between 1603 and 1615. He founded Quebec in 1608 • Henry Hudson explores what is now New York, past Manhattan Island (Hudson River), and into what is now Hudson bay in Canada De Champlain Hudson

22. French Settlements • Mostly in the Great Lakes region and St. Lawrence River – because of the fur trade • An explorer later claims the Mississippi River valley, and calls it Louisiana • New France has a small population, their main goal was to trade with the Indians for furs

23. Dutch and English Settlements • The Dutch also came for the fur trade • New Netherland was their land, which is now Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York • The English had 3 failed attempts at settlement before 1600 • 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert in Canada • Sir Walter Raleigh in Virginia/North Carolina in 1586 • John White and Roanoke fails again in 1587