The Movement Begins

1. The Movement Begins The Civil Rights Movement begins with a court case

2. The Great migration • Large Movement of African-Americans from South to Northern Cities. • “They left as though they were fleeing some curse,” wrote the scholar Emmett J. Scott, an observer of the early years of the migration. “They were willing to make almost any sacrifice to obtain a railroad ticket and they left with the intention of staying.” • https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/020/ (graphs of movement) • Which cities had the largest growth? Which areas had the largest decline? • What effects would this movements have on the culture/lifestyle of these cities. • By 1930, 10% of American’s African population had relocated. • Why the North, industrialization offered employment opportunities for African-American Families. Cities like Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Los Angele all offered chances for employment in a growing labor force.

3. What effects would this massive move of African-Americans have on the culture of Northern Cities? Discuss as a group, record your response on Google Classroom discussion question. Respond to one other Group.

5. New York and the Great Migration The Harlem Renaissance and the growth of black cutlure

6. Increase in Density • New York attracted African-Americans from the South looking for employment, but also wealthy African-American looking for a cultural experience not offered in other cities. • Harlem Renaissance featured Theater, Art and Music that featured African-American participants. • Started in 1917, with the introduction of “Three Plays of a Negro Theater”, a play that feature African-American leads. The Characters in these plays featured emotional through that was previously not present for black characters. As well as replacing black-face with actual African-Americans as actors.

7. Harlem Renaissance and Literature. • African-American authors became increase influential within their community, but also recognized for the accomplishment by whites. • Examples of Authors are: • Langston Hughes (Poetry, spoke directly the African-American and their struggles) • Zora Neal Hurtson (“Their Eyes Were Watching God”, folklore) • Claude McKay • Introduced the style of Jazz Poetry. • Used their voice to speak to African-Americans and create a universal struggle that helped unite the community.

8. Harlem Renaissance and Music • Introduced African-American Band Leaders (such as: Miles Davis, Louie Armstrong) • Introduced Jazz, a unique style that was made famous by African-American Artists. • African-American Jazz brought the first instance of white Americans participating in popular black culture. • Jazz Singers such as Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holliday were a success in cross-cultural hits.

9. Read the Article “How Marilyn Monroe changed Ella Fitzgerald’s life. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBu4GWohh68 • Describe the experience for Black Singers at this time. • Even though these artists had popularity across all races, did that experience to a decrease in the effects of segregation? • Answer the prompt on the google classroom, and respond to one other.

10. Art in the Harlem renaissance • Largest artist of the time period was, Jacob Lawerence. • Released a version of 60 paintings that portrayed the “Great Migration” and showed the experience from an African-American viewpoint. • Go to the Google Classroom. Follow the directions on the material titled – “Jacob Lawrence – Migration Series”

11. Chicago and the great migration Experience of African-American migration into the white Midwest.

12. Housing discrimination • African-Americans moving to Chicago were restricted into which areas of Chicago they were allowed. • Red-lining: African-Americans were denied mortgages and not allowed to buy houses in specific “all-white” neighbor hoods. • Was so bad, that some leases, or purchase contracts included clauses that forbid the agent from selling to African-Americans. • Led to segregation, and isolation of African-American in the inner city areas. • African-Americans who could afford to purchase houses in all-white neighborhoods, were harassed, attacked and abused by the white citizens who did not want them.

13. Examples in literature • A growth in population, led to a growth in African-American literature. The greatest example of this is Lorraine Hansbury. • Hansbury, who’s father had moved her family from the South to the North, wrote about the effects of racial segregation of African-Americans living in Chicago. • Her play, titled, “A raisin in the sun”, highlighted the plight of an African-American family trying to exist in a segregated neighborhood in Chicago. • Hansbury became the first African-American to perform a play on Broadway.

14. NAACP (National Association for the advanced of colored people) • Use your chrome books to research the following facts. Fill out the Fact Sheet, available on your Google Classroom… • When did it start? • Where did it start? • What was it’s purpose as an organization? • How did it achieve it’s purpose.

15. Major Organizations Major Organizations vital to the growth of the African-American Community

16. Labor Organization • With the growth of African-American populations in Northern towns, it became clear the opportunities for employment were not equal. • Most industries were union-run, through a national Organization known as the AFL (American Federation of Labor) • Most industries were closed shops.

17. A Phillip Randolph • A leader of the Civils Rights movement, he created the first African-American labor Union. • He used his presence and power, to influence federal laws, and end discrimination at the federal level. • He was instrumental in getting Executive Order 8802 (Banned discrimination in defense contracts during WWII). • He headed and organized the 1963, March on Washington (Famous March with MLK’s “I have a dream speech)

18. Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters • First Union for African-American Workers. • “Pullman Porters” were men who helped assisted with passenger needs on railways. • Railways heavily recruited former slaves at the end of the Civil War, and this job was done almost universally by African-American Males. • The Pullman Company was one of their largest employers. • Working conditions of these workers were poor. They were often mistreated by passengers, they were charged for passenger complaints, they were unable to receive promotions. • Railways were actively segregated certain cars were whites only, and certain jobs (like conductor) were also white only.

19. Organization of the union • Several previous attempts to organized had been thwarted by the Owners (by violence, and other aggressive means) • A Phillip Randolph steps in and begins a national drive for membership. He got local leaders on board, and was able to speak from a national perspective. • Early on things became difficult as the group was attacked by fellow unions, refused acceptance by the AFL, the struggles of the Great Depression, and constant attack and the local and federal level.

20. Persistence pays off • By 1935 (Ten years after they started) they were finally recognized by the AFL. • 12 years after it first organized, the BSCP finally got together with Pullman cars and came to a deal that improved working conditions for African-American Porters. • These included raising the wages of porters and maids, establishing a basic 240-hour month, and providing time-and-a-half overtime pay after 260 hours.  • The success of this Union catapulted the prominence of its members, and it’s president – A Phillip Randolph. This allowed him to become a force in the continued struggle for African American Rights.

21. Howard UniversitySchool of Law / School of Psycology • Dr. Kenneth Clark and his wife Mamie conducted a famous study called the Doll Test. • Children of Color were provided with 4 identical dolls. • The only thing changed between the 4 dolls was their skin color. • The Clark’s studied the reaction of the Children. • Table Discussion: How do you think the children responded?

22. Howard University“The doll test” • “The Dolls Test was an attempt on the part of my wife and me to study the development of the sense of self-esteem in children. We worked with Negro children—I’ll call black children—to see the extent to which their color, their sense of their own race and status, influenced their judgment about themselves, self-esteem.” • The Children, including those of color, preferred the white doll. They assigned the positive qualities to the white dolls. • The Clarks concluded that “prejudice, discrimination, and segregation” created a feeling of inferiority among African-American children and damaged their self-esteem.  • Dr. Clark’s testimony was used by the NAACP and Thurgood Marshall to prove the negative effects of segregation.

23. Howard University’s effectThe Doll TEst •  The Supreme Court cited Clark’s 1950 paper in its Brown decision and acknowledged it implicitly in the following passage: “To separate [African-American children] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.”

24. The Role of Howard UniversityLaw School • Thurgood Marshall was a graduate of Howard University • The brain trust that argued in front of the Supreme Court was made up of graduates of Howard’s law program, as well as professors of their law school. • Started in 1869, it was a landing spot for many prominent lawyers of African descent. These lawyers were usually denied entry to other law schools, and therefore made acceptance into Howard their only option for graduate. • Without Howard, the NAACP would not have had the legal power to fight back against segregation and overturn Plessy v. Fergeson.