U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Policy and Modernization

1. U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Policy and Modernization UNDP/ICAO Seminar Implementation of CNS/ATM Technology Lima, Peru 27 September 2006 Ken Alexander, Senior Advisor National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Washington, D.C., USA

2. Overview • Introduction • U.S. Policy • GPS Performance • Next-Generation GPS • International Cooperation

3. Global Positioning System • Baseline 24 satellite constellation in medium earth orbit • Global coverage, 24 hours a day, all weather conditions • Satellites broadcast precise time and orbit information on L-band radio frequencies • Two types of signals: • Standard (free of direct user fees) • Precise (U.S./Allied military) • Three segments: • Space • Ground control • User equipment

4. Nationwide Differential GPS Wide Area Augmentation (SBAS) Continuously Operating Reference Stations Local Area Augmentation (GBAS) U.S. Augmentations

5. Space-Based Augmentation Systems Global Differential GPS System International Augmentations Differential GPS Networks International GNSS Service

6. Commercial GPS Applications Span A Wide Range of Economic Activities Satellite Operations Power Grid Management Personal Navigation Surveying & Mapping Trucking & Shipping Aviation Communications Network Synchronization Recreation Railroads Fishing & Boating Offshore Drilling

7. New Applications Developed Every Day • Environmental monitoring • Excavation/Open pit mining • Child safety, E-911 and other wireless applications • Automatic snowplow guidance • Spacecraft control

8. GPS is a Global Public Service • Free access to civilian signals • One-way broadcast, like FM radio • Public domain documentation • Anyone can develop user equipment • Worldwide utility providing consistent, predictable, dependable performance • Critical component of global information infrastructure • Owned and operated by the U.S. Government • Paid for by U.S. taxpayers • Guided at a national level as multi-use asset • Acquired and operated by Air Force on behalf of U.S. Available Now—Empowering the Future

9. Overview • Introduction • U.S. Policy • GPS Performance • Next-Generation GPS • International Cooperation

10. U.S. Policy History • 1983: President Reagan offers free civilian access to GPS • 1996: National GPS policy declared GPS a dual-use system under joint civil/military management • 1997: Congress passes law requiring civil GPS to be provided free of direct user fees • 2000: President Clinton turns off Selective Availability • 2004: President Bush issues Policy on Space-Based PNT • Updates policy while retaining principles in previous policy • Recognizes changing national and international scene since 1996

11. 2004 Policy: Objectives • Improve performanceof GPS and its augmentations - improving global services • Ensure civil services exceed, or are at least equivalent to, of other international civil space-based PNT services • Includes robust resistance to interference for civil, commercial, homeland security, and scientific users worldwide • Provide space-based civil PNT services free of direct user fees on a continuous, worldwide basis • Civil, commercial, homeland security and scientific use • Provide open, free access to information needed to use civil GPS and its augmentations

12. 2004 Policy: Objectives(cont’d) • Maintain GPS as a component of multiple sectors of U.S. Critical Infrastructure • Seek to ensure international PNT systems are interoperable with GPS and its augmentations • Or, at a minimum, are compatible • Provide uninterrupted access to U.S. space-based PNT services for U.S./allied national security purposes • Improve capabilities to deny hostile use of any space-based PNT services • Without unduly disrupting civil and commercial access

13. U.S. Space-based PNT Organizational Structure WHITE HOUSE Defense Transportation NATIONALSPACE-BASED PNT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Co-Chairs: Deputy Secretaries Defense, Transportation State ADVISORYBOARD Sponsor: NASA Commerce Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff COORDINATIONOFFICE Host: Commerce NASA

14. National Coordination Office • Facilitates information sharing, coordination, and issue resolution regarding space-based positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) across Departments of the U.S. Government • Evaluates plans to modernize the U.S. space-based PNT infrastructure, i.e. GPS and its augmentations • Conducts or oversees space-based PNT studies, analyses, and projects that have broad U.S. Government participation • Represents the National Executive Committee on space-based PNT with Federal, State, and local governments • As well as with the private sector and representatives of other governments

15. Executive Committee Actions Major efforts: • 5-Year National Space-Based PNT Plan – NCO • Plan is in draft with FY08 program assessment in progress • International Coordination and Cooperation - State • National Space-Based PNT Advisory Board - NASA • Board established with membership being finalized • Will conduct studies and provide advice as directed by Executive Committee • First meeting projected late 06

16. Executive Committee Actions (cont’d) • Interference Detection and Mitigation Plan - DHS • Coordinate U.S. capabilities to detect and mitigate sources of interference to the GPS and its augmentations • National Space-based PNT Architecture • Led by DoD’s National Security Space Office and DOT’s Research and Innovative Technology Administration • GPS Performance Standards – OSD/NII and AF • Publishing PPS standard; feasibility of SPS update • In 2006, Nat’l Executive Committee has met 3 times • Next meeting 27 Oct 2006

17. Media Relations • “www.PNT.gov” established to represent the National Executive Committee and Coord Office • Maintained by National Coordination Office • Contains information on Policy, ExCom Membership, Advisory Board, recent public presentations, and “frequently asked questions” • Produced brochure on GPS applications • Being widely distributed; copies available upon request • Also available for download on “www.GPS.gov” • Additional links to various other websites

18. 2004 U.S. Policy Summary • Demonstrates continued U.S. Government commitment to space-based PNT for all • Provides framework for public/private decision makers • Improves ability to coordinate efforts across various agencies of the U.S. Government • Creates basis for meaningful dialogue between service providers and end users • Promotes common standards for worldwide interoperability

19. Overview • Introduction • U.S. Policy • GPS Performance • Next-Generation GPS • International Cooperation

20. GPS Performance Overview • Mission success is top priority • Sustaining worldwide military/civil utility • Modernizing for civil and military users • Fielding operational improvements • Acquisition challenges • Requirements – civil & military • Balancing sustainment & modernization • Cost & schedule of modernization efforts • Synchronizing space, control, and user equipment upgrades • Refined acquisition strategy—“Back to Basics” with an incremental block approach Continuously improving GPS services for military and civil users worldwide

21. Recent Launches Providing worldwide position, navigation & timing GPS IIR-12 23 Jun 04 GPS IIR-13 06 Nov 04 GPS IIR-14(M) 25 Sep 05 1st Modernized GPS Satellite GPS IIR-15(M) 25 Sep 06 2nd Modernized GPS Satellite

22. Constellation Status 29* Operational Satellites (Baseline Constellation: 24) • 16 Block II/IIA satellites • 12 Block IIR satellites • Modernizing 8 remaining Block IIR satellites • 1 Block IIR-M satellite • Transmitting new second civil signal • Continuously assessing constellation health to determine launch needs * Not including 25 September 2006 launch; satellite currently undergoing pre operational checkout

23. GPS User Range Error (URE) History Current Requirement Actual Performance Current Objective URE - Signal in Space Error

24. Legacy Accuracy Improvement Initiative (L-AII) • All users see a small accuracy improvement • Specialized defense systems will see greater improvement • More importantly, all users enjoy improved SV monitoring • Additional tracking data eliminates monitoring gaps • Without L-AII some satellites were out of view of any tracking station for over two hours at a time • Every satellite now “watched” by at least two tracking stations at all times • Controllers can now see satellite problems sooner • User exposure to erroneous satellite signals reduced

25. SV Monitoring Before L-AII GPS users on approximately half of the Earth’s surface (shown in white) see at least one unmonitored GPS satellites 100 % of the time A GPS satellite is considered to be “monitored” if it is seen by at least two GPS tracking stations; the minimum of two stations ensures that an alarm is caused by a problem on the satellite and not at a tracking station. Monitoring enables GPS operators to identify errors in satellite transmissions; further upgrades to GPS are needed to ensure that corrective action can executed with sufficient timeliness.

26. SV Monitoring After L-AII No GPS users anywhere on the Earth’s surface ever see an unmonitored GPS satellite A GPS satellite is considered to be “monitored” if it is seen by at least two GPS tracking stations; the minimum of two stations ensures that an alarm is caused by a problem on the satellite and not at a tracking station. Monitoring enables GPS operators to identify errors in satellite transmissions; further upgrades to GPS are needed to ensure that corrective action can executed with sufficient timeliness.

27. Evolution of GPS Performance: 1990s 100 m or better • L1 C/A Signal • Selective Availability On

28. Civil GPS Performance Standards U.S. commitments to civil GPS performance are documented in the GPS Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard (2001) In support of the service availability standard, 24 operational satellites must be available on orbit with 0.95 probability (averaged over any day). At least 21 satellites in the 24 nominal plane/slot positions must be set healthy and transmitting a navigation signal with 0.98 probability (yearly averaged). System accuracy far exceeds current standards

29. Evolution of GPS Performance: Today 13m (95%) 36m or better (worst case) • L1 C/A Signal • Selective Availability Off • Improved Orbit Determination

30. Overview • Introduction • U.S. Policy • GPS Performance • Next-Generation GPS • International Cooperation

31. GPS Evolution Space Segment • Modernized(Block IIR-M) • 2nd civil signal (L2C) • M-Code signals (L1M, L2M) • Flex A/J power (+7dB) • Modernized(Block IIF) • 3rd civil signal (L5) • Legacy (Block IIA/IIR) • Basic GPS • C/A civil signal (L1C/A) • Std Pos. Service • Precise Pos. Service • L1 & L2 P(Y) nav • NDS GPS III(Block III) • Common signal with Galileo (L1C) • Increased accuracy • Signal integrity • Search and Rescue • Increased A/J powerup to 20dB (Allied use) Control Segment Legacy • TT&C • L1 & L2 monitoring Upgraded(AEP) • IIR-M IIF TT&C • WAGE, AII, LADO • SAASM • New MCS/AMCS Modernized(OCX V1) • New Architecture • Enhanced Signal Monitoring GPS III (OCX V2) • GPS III TT&C • NAVWAR, GNOC • L1C, L2C, L5 • Flex Power • Real-Time C2

32. Second Civil Signal (L2C) • Designed to meet commercial needs • Freely available since Dec 2005 • Currently on 2 satellites • Will be on all future satellites • Expected to generate over $5 billion in user productivity benefits Benefits existing professional receivers Increases accuracyfor consumers Supports miniaturization, possible indoor use

33. Third Civil Signal (L5) • Designed to meet aviation safety requirements • Higher power • Wider bandwidth = 10x gain • Longer spreading codes (10x C/A) • ARNS band • Opportunity for international interoperability

34. Fourth Civil Signal (L1C) • Designed with international partners for interoperability • Modernized civil signal at L1 frequency • Original signal retained for backward compatibility • More robust navigation across a broad range of user applications • Improved performance in challenged tracking environments Under trees Inside cities

35. Evolution of GPS Performance:Next Generation Improved resistance to interference 1 to 3 m • L1 C/A Signal (legacy users) • Selective Availability remains Off • Improved Orbit Determination • L1C, L2C, L5, L1C Signals with new user equipment

36. . Improving GPS Performance with Augmentations Augmentations enhance GPS accuracy, monitor integrity • Sub-centimeter accuracy for geodesy, geology, etc. • 2-5 cm accuracy for real-time positioning, surveying, etc. • <3 m vertical accuracy with <6 sec time to alarm for aviation

37. GPS Performance with WAAS (SBAS) U.S. Federal Aviation Administration developed the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) to provide necessary accuracy, integrity, and availability to support flight operations during all phases of flight Based on observations from January to March 2006. Results are valid when the Localizer Approach with Vertical Guidance (LPV) service is available. During this time frame, LPV was available 98% to 99% of the time. Augmented GPS fulfills rigorous user needs today

38. Overview • Introduction • U.S. Policy • GPS Performance • Next-Generation GPS • International Cooperation

39. Global Navigation Satellite Services (GNSS) Expanding • Sep 2005 – 2nd civil GPS signal • Dec 2005 –first Galileo test satellite • Dec 2005 –3 GLONASS satellites • This year – European EGNOS ops (non aviation) • Japan preparing for MSAS ops in 2007 and QZSS • India moving forward with GAGAN and IRNS • China Beidou, Compass Interoperability key to seamless global operations

40. Evolution of GPS Performance: Cooperation Improved resistance to interference Improved satellite availability ~ 1 m NEXT GENERATION + COOPERATION • L1 C/A Signal (legacy users) • Selective Availability remains Off • Improved Orbit Determination • L1C, L2C, L5, L1C Signals with new user equipment • GNSS Interoperability

41. U.S. GPS Cooperation • Ongoing cooperation with Europe, Japan, Russia • Compatibility and interoperability • National security • Level playing field in global markets • Seeking formal relations with Australia, India, Brazil and others • Multilateral cooperation • U.N. International Committee on GNSS • ICAO, IMO, NATO

42. Europe • GPS-Galileo cooperation agreement signed in 2004 • Parties agreed to implement common signal on Galileo and GPS III • Working groups established: • Compatibility & Interoperability • Trade & Commercial Applications • Next-Generation GNSS • Security Issues June 26, 2004, press conference at U.S.-EU Summit in Ireland (U.S. Sec. of State Colin Powell, Irish Foreign Minister Brian Cowen, EU Vice-President Loyola De Palacio)

43. South America and Caribbean Regions • U.S. Government interested in expanding cooperation to broader mutual interests • Civil applications aviation and more • Free market access, nondiscrimination • International standards • Workshop support • WAAS test bed activities Seeking continued dialogue with Governments of Caribbean and South America

44. Multilateral group chartered through United Nations First meeting: December 2005 Includes mix of GNSS providers and major user group associations Promotes use of GNSS to improve efficiency and security of transport, search & rescue, geodesy, etc., particularly in developing countries Focal point for international information exchange Assistance to developing countries in integration of PNT services Forum for addressing future user needs Provider coordination to improve compatibility and interoperability among global and regional systems International Committee on GNSS

45. Summary • Implementing new U.S. National Policy • U.S. policy encourages and promotes worldwide use of civil GPS and augmentations • GPS performance is better than ever and will continue to improve • New GPS signal available; Additional improvements will continue in the future • Augmentations enable high performance today • International cooperation is a priority • Compatibility and interoperability critical • Opportunities for greater U.S./Caribbean/South American partnerships

46. Contact Information Ken Alexander, Senior Advisor National Coordination Office for Space-Based PNT Herbert C. Hoover Bldg., Rm. 6822 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20230 USA Ken.Alexander@PNT.gov Ph: +1.202.482.5809 Fax: +1.202.482.4429 Presentation and additional policy information available at: www.PNT.gov Additional information available: www.GPS.gov