CHAPTER 26 review book

1. CHAPTER 26 review book NATIONALISM AROUND THE WORLD

2. SECTION 1 NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST

3. Decline and the Fall of the Ottoman Empire • WWI had weakened the power of the Ottoman Empire. • The Christian Armenian minority had been pressing for their independence for years.

4. In 1915 the government reacted to an Armenian uprising by committing genocide against 1 million Armenians in the Armenian Massacre. In 1918 they killed another 400,000. • After Greece invaded war hero Colonel Mustafa Kemal drove the Greeks out then created an elected government and the Republic of Turkey.

6. The Modernization of Turkey • Kemal became known as Ataturk (father Turk). • He brought in many democratic reforms and secularized Turkey by banning many traditional Muslim customs. • He also gave women new rights and brought in European style education. • Not all of his reforms were accepted but most remained after his death in 1938.

7. The Beginnings of Modern Iran • Oil was discovered in Persia (modern Iran) in 1908 which increased foreign interest there. • In 1921 Rez Khan led a nationalist movement and took control of the capital (Tehran).

8. He also brought in western education systems and banned women from wearing the veil but did not otherwise reduce traditional Islamic beliefs. • He Allied himself with the Nazis during WWII.

9. Arab Nationalism • After WWI mandates were set up by France and England to control former Ottoman territories. • Great Britain controlled Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine. • France controlled Syria and Lebanon.

10. In the early 1920s reform leader Ibn Saud united Arabs in the Northern Arabian Peninsula. In 1932 he established the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. • The country was very poor until U.S. prospectors found oilin the Persian Gulf and the country became flooded with Western oil industries.

11. The Problem of Palestine • Jews had once called Palestine home but in the 1930s the population was 80% Muslim. • The Zionist movement began in the 1890s to reestablish Palestine as a Jewish nation.

12. Jews began to migrate to the area and the Balfour Declaration during WWI expressed British support for Zionism. • As more Jews flooded the area because of Anti-Semitism in Europe tensions between Jews and Muslims in the area grew.

14. SECTION 2 NATIONALISM IN AFRICA AND aSIA

15. Movements Toward Independence in Africa • Because they had fought for the British and the French in WWI many African nations thought they would gain their independence after the Germans were defeated. • Instead The French and the British issues mandates over the former German colonies in Africa.

16. Movements Toward Independence in Africa • In Kenya Harry Thuku and the Young Kikuyu Association protested taxes but were met with violence and Thuku was exiled. • In Libya a revolt led by Omar Mukhtaragainst the Italians ended with Mukhtar’s death. • Western nations began reforms in Africa but it was too little too late. Omar Mukhtar

17. Kenyan leader JomoKenyataargued that British rule was destroying traditional culture in Kenya. • Leopold Sengororganized the independence movement in Senegal. • NnamdiAzikiweof Nigeria urged nonviolence as a way to gain independence.

18. The Movement For Indian Independence • Mohandas Gandhi became active in the fight for India’s independence before WWI. Indian people referred to him as Mahatma (India’s Great Soul). • He organized civil disobedience in India which meant refusing to obey unjust laws without the use of violence.

19. Britain responded with the Amritsar massacre where hundreds of unarmed protesters were gunned down.

20. Gandhi withdrew from active protest for a while after the event. • When he returned he was arrested and jailed for several years. • Gandhi returned and called for nonviolence and noncooperation. He called for a protest of salt taxes and restrictions on Indians to harvest their own salt. • He led thousands on the Salt March as a form of nonviolent protest.

21. In the 1930s there were splits in the movement between Hindus and Muslims and also people who embraced many western practices.

22. The Rise of a Militarist Japan • During the first two decades of the twentieth century Japan embraced modern industrial and commercial reforms that led to prosperity. • Zaibatsus were single family controlled business that led to a concentration of wealth around the same time that population growth led to food shortages. • Many Japanese thought Japan should use military might to dominate Asia and fix their economic problems.

23. Like the Western nations before them Japan sought raw materials and trade markets and seized territories in other nations to get them. • Militant groups grew in Japan and one group of army officers invaded Manchuria without government approval and conquered all of Manchuria.

24. Nationalism and Revolution in Asia • As industry grew in Asia so did Marxism. • Communist leaders like Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam began to gain popularity.

25. SECTION 3 REVOLUTIONARY CHAOS IN CHINA

26. Nationalism and Communists • By 1920 two political competitors had emerged in China. The Nationalists and the Communists. • Sun Yat-Senled the Nationalist who allied with the Communists for the purpose of removing foreign influence. • After he died Chiang Kai-shek led the group and turned on the Communists killing thousands of them in the Shanghai Massacre.

27. The Communists in Hiding • After the massacre Communist Party members led by Mao Zedong went into hiding. • Mao led his revolution using countryside peasants rather than the urban working class. • His guerrilla fighting tactics were effective against the Nationalist.

28. The Long March • When Chiang Kai-shek’s forces surrounded the Communist base at Jiangxi, the People’s Liberation Army began a 6,000 mile walk to reach the last remaining Communist base in Northern China. Only 9,000 of the 90,000 that left survived the trip. • During this time Mao Zedong became the only leader of the Communist Party in China.

29. The New China of Chiang Kai-shek • Now in control Chiang Kai-shek tried to form a China that embraced modern innovations while maintaining Chinese culture.

30. SECTION 4 NATIONALISM IN LATIN AMERICA

31. The Latin American Economy • Beginning in the 1920s the United States replace Britain in dominating the economies of Latin America. • Latin Americans were angered as the U.S. propped up military dictators in the area for their own economic benefit and also intervened using the military especially in the Caribbean. • Economies in Latin America were also hit hard by the Great Depression though it did force some to develop their own industries which cut down on their dependence on U.S. industries.

32. The Move to Authoritarianism • Conditions in Latin America led to the rise of military leaders in Argentina and in Mexico. • These leaders were authoritarian