Chapters 32-33: The West, The Soviet World, and Latin America in the Twentieth Century

1. Chapters 32-33:The West, The Soviet World, and Latin America in the Twentieth Century Mr. Bartula AP World History

2. The World After World War II European colonial empires began the process of decolonization Both Western and Eastern Europe were devastated by World War II A bipolar world dominated by two superpowers emerged A Cold War between the two superpowers began

3. The Cold War’s Early Years • The Soviet Union absorbed some states and established satellite or puppet governments elsewhere in Eastern Europe • Yugoslavia, under Josip Broz Tito, was a Communist state but escaped Soviet control and troops. • Germany became a center of tension between the US and the Soviet Union • Brushfire wars or small conflicts served as substitutes for direct conflict between the superpowers.

4. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin on the Baltic, to Trieste on the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

5. Post-War Germany

6. Marshall Plan [1948] • “European Recovery Program.” • Secretary of State, George Marshall • The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. • $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

7. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

8. 1949: The Year of Shocks • Soviets exploded an atom bomb • China became a Communist state • North Atlantic Treaty Organization formed

9. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

10. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

11. Premier Nikita Khrushchev About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- 1956 De-Stalinization Program

12. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953) Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

13. The US and Western Europe in the Cold War • Through NATO, the US took major responsibility for protecting Western Europe with a “nuclear umbrella”. • US policy towards the Soviet Union was called “containment” • As Soviet and US nuclear arsenals grew, brinksmanship or the threat of M.A.D. became the norm in superpower relationships • Nuclear weaponry grew more advanced and lethal, from A Bombs to H Bombs to …..

14. Nuclear Proliferation: The Nuclear Club • US 1945 • Soviet Union 1949 • Britain 1950s • France late 1950s • China 1960s • India and Pakistan 1999 • Israel? • North Korea? • Iran? • ??????

15. Suez Crisis 1956 • Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in July, 1956 • In October, Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt and retook the Canal • The Soviets supported Egypt and forced a withdrawal from the Canal • Worst crisis since Berlin

16. The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister • Promised free elections. • This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary.

17. Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

18. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) CheckpointCharlie

19. Khrushchev Embraces Castro,1961

20. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

21. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

22. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

23. Vietnam War: 1965-1973

24. Détente in the 1970s

25. Western Society after World War II • Expansion of liberal democracies and civil liberties: Social Democrats, Christian Democrats, Greens, Conservatives (centrist-left dominance) civil rights, women’s movement • Welfare states: supported by most parties • Economic expansion: European Union, NAFTA • Consumer societies • Cultural creativity: Abstract Expressionism, Op Art, Pop Art, etc. • Impact of technology on communications, politics, culture. Rapid changes associated with technology • Religious decline and secularization • Globalization • Post-Industrialism

26. Religious Belief in Modern Europe

29. British and US Parallels Since World War II • Late 1940s: Harry Truman and the Fair Deal, Clement Attlee and the Labour Party: welfare states began • 1950s: Dwight Eisenhower, Conservatives, little action taken to end or limit welfare states

30. British and US Parallels Since World War II • 1960s: New Frontier and Great Society, Harold Wilson and Labour Party: reform and activism, expansion of welfare states • 1970s: Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter; Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, James Callaghan: alternating periods of reform and conservatism.

31. British and US Parallels Since World War II • 1980s: Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher: conservatism • 1990s-2000s: George Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush; John Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown (Third Way, Compassionate conservatism.)

32. Will The Parallels Continue??

33. Electoral Changes, 2004-2008

35. Jackson Pollock

36. Paul Klee

37. Piet Mondrian

38. Andy Warhol

39. Consumer Society

40. Economic Expansion and Unification • Beginning in the 1950s, Europe gradually unified its economy through the European Coal and Steel Community, the Common Market, and the European Union • In 1994 the North American Free Trade Agreement moved to integrate the economies of Canada, the US, and Mexico • Similar agreements have been reached or are in the process of development in Asia, Latin America, and Africa • International agreements such as WTO, GATT, and the G-7 or G-8 have also sought to reduce trade barriers.

42. The World Trade Organization, 2003

43. Other Trading blocs

44. The Soviet Union • 1917-1928: Revolution and aftermath • 1928-1953: Consolidation and Industrialization • 1953-1985: Superpower, Empire, and Cold War • 1985-1991: Dissolution and Collapse • 1991- Present: Aftermath

45. Joseph Stalin 1878-1953 • Seized power after the death of Lenin, 1924 • Enhanced and broadened the “personality cult” • Forced collectivization of agriculture • Destruction of kulaks and other “counter-revolutionaries” • “Socialism in One Country” • Five Year Plans for speedy industrialization • Powerful military force

47. Soviet Government • Supreme Soviet: lawmaking body • Actual power held by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. (Politburo) • Party members (about 10% of Soviet population) were privileged but expected to perform extra duties • Party elite (nomenklatura) had access to better food, lodgings, and other privileges

48. How To Become A Communist In The Soviet Union Young Pioneers Young Communist League (Komsomol) Full Party member (invitation only)

49. The Soviet Economy • State Ownership • Centralized planning (Gosplan) • Five Year Plans • Tight control of media: Pravda, Izvestia • Heavy Industry and Military Emphasis • Consumer goods shortages • Women considered equal to men (theoretically)

50. Socialist Realism