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Classification

Classification. Finding Order in Diversity. Warm-Up 2/12/16. How do you organize all of the things in your bedroom (or living room or kitchen- pick one)? Why do you do it this way ?. Classification activity.

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Classification

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  1. Classification Finding Order in Diversity

  2. Warm-Up 2/12/16 • How do you organize all of the things in your bedroom (or living room or kitchen- pick one)? Why do you do it this way?

  3. Classification activity • You are given a baggie of items. Put them on your desk, and as a group, put them in 2 groups, based on a similarity. The groups do not have to be equal. Make a diagram on your paper, labeling how you separated them. • Divide each group again into 2 groups, based on similarities. Again, groups do not have to be equal. Label your diagram, describing how you separated them. • Continue, until each item has it’s own branch.

  4. What is Taxonomy? • Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. TURKEY VULTURE (Cathartes aura)

  5. Why Classify? • Biologists use a classification system to study the diversity of life, to group them in a way that makes sense, and to help name them.

  6. How do we classify organisms? • Back in the olden days, taxonomists used to group according to physical features. • Now that we have DNA technology, we can refine and group organisms more accurately to include that information as well.

  7. How can this be helpful? • Grouping things helps to make things easier to find, easier to work with, and help us to understand the way things are related and interact with the world around them.

  8. Why do we assign scientific names? • Many organisms have several “common” names. For example, a cougar could also be called a mountain lion, catamount, puma, and then these could all be translated differently into different languages. Regardless of the language, however, this cougar will always be referred to as Felisconcolor in scientific terms.

  9. Who came up with the idea? • Once upon a time, (1735 to be exact), a Swedish botanist (studies plants) named Carolus Linnaeus began to classify some plants, and came up with a two-word naming system to apply to all organisms.

  10. How are organisms named? • Scientific names are assigned in Latin. • The first part is the “genus”, and is always written first, capitalized, and put in italics or underlined. • The second part is the “species”, and is always written second, not capitalized, and put in italics or underlined. Homo sapien Ursusamericanus

  11. What else did Linnaeus come up with? Domain • Linneaus also developed a hierarchical system of classification which includes seven (now 8) levels we call “taxa”. • Can you come up with an easy way to remember their order? Take a moment to try on your own, then I will allow you to collaborate with your team.

  12. More specific More general Classification levels, in another way  • In the previous graphic, the pyramid was upside down. Can you put them in the right order when it’s right-side up?

  13. How can this triangle show relationship? Domain • The more taxonomic levels that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.

  14. Think about it! • Consider each of these species. Which two are most closely related? How can you tell? Ursusmaritimus Ailuropodamelanoleuca Ursusarctoshorribilis

  15. Thinking Critically – Use this to answer the questions on your page.

  16. Let’s go over the answers  • Which animal is called Muscadomestica? • Fly • Which two animals on this table were most closely related? • Cat & Wolf • At which classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge, or become different? • Family Level • At which classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats, wolves, and flies diverge? • Phylum Level • Are flies considered animals? Explain your thinking. • Yes – Kingdom Animalia

  17. Evolutionary Classification • I had mentioned previously that organisms were once grouped according to physical characteristics, and now we can use DNA to help as well. The goal is to create classification groups based on phylogeny, not just physical similarities. • Phylogeny – The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

  18. B C A D E F Clade or lineage TIME Speciation: formation of two new species from one Cladograms • Cladograms are one way we can diagram out the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. When relating the form & structure of traits within organisms, we call this morphology. A phylogenic tree (below) is one type of cladogram. Define speciation in your notes.

  19. Lizard Mouse Fish Hagfish Frog Pigeon Chimp Feathers Fur & Mammary Glands Claws or Nails Lungs Jaws This cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships of several vertebrates (organisms with a backbone)

  20. Lizard Mouse Hagfish Chimp Fish Pigeon Frog Feathers Fur & Mammary Glands Claws or Nails Lungs Jaws Characteristics below the line are called “derived characteristics” or traits. List the 5 from this cladogram on your paper.

  21. Lizard Mouse Hagfish Chimp Fish Pigeon Frog Feathers Fur & Mammary Glands Claws or Nails Lungs Jaws When a derived characteristic is above an organism, the organism lacks that trait. Answer the Questions on your notes 

  22. Lizard Mouse Hagfish Chimp Fish Pigeon Frog Feathers Fur & Mammary Glands Claws or Nails Lungs Jaws When a derived character is below an organism, the organism possesses that trait. Answer the Questions on your notes 

  23. Answers from the previous slides • List the 5 derived characteristics from the previous cladogram. • Feathers, Fur and Mammary Glands, Claws or Nails, Lungs, Jaws. • Which derived characteristic do pigeons lack? • Fur & mammary glands. • Name a derived characteristic that mice and chimps do not possess. • Feathers

  24. Venn diagrams • Venn Diagrams can also be used to make models of a classification scheme by showing hierarch and grouping relationships of organisms. Use this one to answer the questions in your notes. Animalia (Kingdom - Animals) Vertebrates (backbone) Insecta (Class - Insects) Mammalia (Class - Mammals)

  25. Answers 1-7 • Are insects considered animals? • Yes • Insecta means Insectsin Latin. • What trait do all vertebrates possess? • backbone • Animalia means Animal in Latin. • What trait does insecta not possess? • A vertebrae or backbone • Which contains the most organisms, Kingdom or Class? • Kingdom • Which two classes are represented on this Venn Diagram? • Mammalia and Insecta

  26. Question 8 Animalia (Kingdom - Animals) Vertebrates (backbone) Insecta (Class - Insects) Mammalia (Class - Mammals) Arthropoda (Phylum – contains Arthropods – have exoskeletons)

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