STRUCTURE

1. CELL STRUCTURE NOTES & 13 KEY TERMS 1

2. A. CELL THEORY 1) All living things are made of one or more cells. 2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3) Living cells come only from other living cells. 2

3. B) Two Types of Cells: 1) EUKARYOTIC CELLS: • These cells have a nucleus. • Nucleus is a membrane covered organelle that holds the DNA. • Examples are plant and animal cells. 2) PROKARYOTIC CELLS: • These cells DO NOT have a nucleus. • DNA exists in loops that floats freely in the cell. • An example is bacteria 3

4. Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell 4

5. C) COMPARING TWO EUKARYOTIC CELLS: ANIMAL CELL VS. PLANT CELL Large No Cell wall Cell wall Small Vacuoles Large Vacuoles 5 No Chloroplasts Chloroplasts

6. D) SOME CELL TERMS & STRUCTURES: 1) ORGANELLES: • tiny organs in the cell. 2) CYTOPLASM: • fluid filling inside the cell membrane. • makes up the majority of cell’s mass. 6

8. Cell membrane Vacuole Golgi Body Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleolus Mitochondrion Lysosome 8

9. 3) CELL MEMBRANE • controls movement of materials into and out of the cell • holds cell together Cell membrane Animal Cell 9

10. Cell membrane made of special lipids called “phospholipids” Cell membrane Animal Cell 10

11. One phospholipid molecule. 11

12. A model of a section of phospholipid molecules that make up the cell membrane. 12

13. Cell membrane Animal Cell 13

14. 4) CYTOSKELETON • found in animal cells. • it is a protein “framework” inside the cell that gives the cells their shape. 5) CELL WALL • found in plant cells not animal cells • provides strength and support for plant cells. • made of cellulose (long chains of sugar molecules) 14

15. Cell wall Plant Cell Cell membrane 15

16. E) ORGANELLES OF CELLS: • 1) Nucleus: • the control center of the cell • stores DNA (a) nucleolus - dark spot inside the nucleus, which makes ribosomes. 16

17. (b) nuclear membrane - controls movement of materials in and out of nucleus. (c) DNA - stores information for making proteins 17

18. 2) RIBOSOME tiny grain like particles usually found along the E.R. proteins are made here & sometimes called “Protein Factories” Ribosome Proteins Amino acids 18

19. Close as you get to a real picture of a Ribosome. It is made of RNA and protein. 19

20. 3) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): • makes lipids • the delivery system of the cell for compounds such as proteins through its tubular connections. 20

21. Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Animal Cell 21

22. Mitochondria Outer membrane Inner membrane • 4) Mitochondria: • the “Power House” of the cell • releases energy packets of ATP for use in the cell. 22

23. Mitochondria A real picture of a mitochondrion. Spelling of word ending is –ion for singular and –ia for plural 23

24. More mitochondria Mitochondria 24

25. Chloroplast Outer membrane Inner membrane • 5) Chloroplast: • “Solar Panels” for capturing energy • they use energy from sunlight to make food in plant cells (i.e. glucose). 25

26. Vacuole Real picture of Chloroplasts 26

27. More pictures of real Chloroplasts The green round structures are chloroplasts 27

28. Vacuole Chloroplast Mitochondria Plant Cell Cell membrane 28

29. Vacuole Animal Cell Plant Cell • 6) Vacuole: • “Storage Tanks” of the cell • store water, food and waste. 29

30. Golgi complex Animal Cell • 7) Golgi body: • packages and transports materials out of the cell. 30

31. Vesicle with food Animal Cell Lysosome • 8) Lysosome: • “Clean-up and Recycling Crew” • digest food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders. 31

32. More pictures of Lysosomes Lysosomes 32

33. Summary of organelles and their functions 33

34. Pictures of different cells. These are cells from inside the cheek of your mouth. 34

35. White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells 35

36. This is a Plant Cell found in many fish aquariums 36

37. A Neuron is a nerve cell that is part of our nervous system. 37

38. This shows different types of muscle cells which make up muscle fiber. Muscle Cells 38