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Essential Osteology Overview: Bones, Cartilage, and Classification

Learn about the skeletal system comprising bones and cartilage, providing body support, movement, and organ protection. Explore bone types, classifications, and specialized connective tissues.

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Essential Osteology Overview: Bones, Cartilage, and Classification

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  1. GENERAL OSTEOLOGY Pages 4 - 8

  2. the skeletal system (osteology) consists of bones and cartilage • provides our basic shape and support for the body and is what the muscular system acts on to produce movement • protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and pelvic organs

  3. Bones • two types of bone: 1) compact bone 2) spongy bone • have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone, except where the latter is replaced by a medullary cavity

  4. Classification, markings & formations of bones

  5. Long bones: diaphyses and epiphyses • Short bones: cuboidal in shape; carpal and tarsal bones • Flat bones: thin and flat; scapula, vault of the skull → cancellous layer = diploe with red bone marrow • Irreagular bones: fit none of the previous description • Sesamoid bones: develop in certain tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs; patella

  6. capitulum: small, round, articular head • condyle: rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs • crest: ridge of bone • epicondyle: eminence superior to a condyle • facet: smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage → bone articulates with another bone • foramen: passage through a bone • fossa: hollow or depressed area • groove: elongated depression or furrow

  7. head (caput): large, round articular end • line: linear elevation • malleolus: rounded process • notch: indentation at the edge of a bone • protuberance: projection of bone • spine: thorn-like process • spinous process: projecting spine-like part • trochanter: large blunt elevation • trochlea: spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley • tubercle: small raised eminence • tuberosity: large rounded elevation

  8. Cartilage

  9. Specialized supporting connective tissue • No neurovascular elements • Hyaline: bluish-white, in fetal skeleton, in adult are remnants; articular, costal cartilages • Elastic: yellowish; external ear and epiglottis • Fibrocartilage: more collagen fibers; tendon insertions and intervertebral discs

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