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Cells

Cells. Animal and Plant Cells. Cell Structure & Function. http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html. Two Types of Cells. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic. Prokaryotic. Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures One-celled organisms, Bacteria.

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Cells

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  1. Cells Animal and Plant Cells

  2. Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

  3. Two Types of Cells • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

  4. Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

  5. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant Animal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

  6. “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

  7. Cell Parts Organelles

  8. Surrounding the Cell

  9. Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  10. Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  11. Inside the Cell

  12. Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material - DNA

  13. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  14. Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  15. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  16. Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material

  17. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  18. Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  19. Mitochondria • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  20. Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  21. Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  22. Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  23. “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

  24. Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  25. Cell Division

  26. MITOSIS

  27. Mitosis The process of cell division which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell. The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent cell.

  28. Mitosis can be divided into stages • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase & Cytokinesis

  29. InterphaseThe cell prepares for division • Animal Cell • DNA replicated • Organelles replicated • Cell increases in size

  30. Interphase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

  31. ProphaseThe cell prepares for nuclear division • Animal Cell • Packages DNA into chromosomes

  32. Prophase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

  33. MetaphaseThe cell prepares chromosomes for division • Animal Cell • Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell • Spindle fibers attach from daughter cells to chromosomes at the centromere

  34. Metaphase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

  35. AnaphaseThe chromosomes divide • Animal Cell • Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart • ½ of each chromosome (called chromotid) moves to each daughter cell

  36. Anaphase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

  37. TelophaseThe cytoplasm divides Animal Cell DNA spreads out 2 nuclei form Cell wall pinches in to form the 2 new daughter cells

  38. Telophase Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

  39. MitosisAnimation http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

  40. Animal Mitosis -- Review

  41. Cell Specialization • http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cellspecialization/ • cell specialization is an adaptation to do a particular job in a cell • Examples: lung cells, heart cells, muscle cells, blood cells, bone cells

  42. Stem Cells • Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types. • Two Types of Stem Cells: • Adult stem cells exist throughout the body after embryonic development and are found inside of different types of tissue. • Embryonic stem cells are derived from a four- or five-day-old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development.

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