Presentation Transcript

1. L’Histoire de France(préparé par MME SelimeBaftiri-Ballazhi: Tinley Park H.S.)

2. Vercingétorix et Jules César Vercingétorix a défendu la Gaule (ancien nom de France) S’estrendu à César dans la villed’Alésie Après 6 ans, décapité César a unifié les Celtes et les autrestribus et leur a donné le nom “gaulois” (et “Gaule” au pays qui estmaintenant France) a vaincu (defeated) Vercingétorix avaitunegrande influence pendant 5 siècles
3. Attila et St. Geneviève Attila  St. Geneviève  Ilssontallésjusqu’à Paris oùilssontretournésgrâce aux prières des habitants qui étaientencouragées par Geneviève, unebergèrepieuse. Elle estdoncdevenue St. Geneviève. (told people of Paris to pray for the Huns to turn around and not invade Paris, which they did; she is called “saint” because of it) Attila: le chef des Huns (un peuple de l’Asie) qui faisaientpartie des “barbares” (leader of Barbarians) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmdPQy6F-dc
4. Clovis, le premier roi de France Germanic groups who established themselves in Gaule and fought barbarians Clovis, premier roi de France Clovis=15 ansquandilestdevenu chef Met Clotilde, a Christian princess, for whom he converted to Christianisty after his promise to do so upon winning a difficult battle in Tolbiac
5. Clovis (cont) a converti à Reims en 496 et depuis 12 siècles, tous les rois y étaientcouronnés. Clovis a regnédepuis environ 30 ans.
6. The Crumbling of the Merovigian Dynasty After the death of Clovis, the kings of the Merovigian dynasty, established by his grandfather (Mérovée), took little care of the administration and it was thus weakened. It was then that the prime minister, “Maire de Palais” (Charles Martel) had to take over.
7. Charles Martel vs. Arab Invasion Charles Martel was the “Maire de Palais” during the new threat to France by the Arab Invasion. The Arabs had already invaded Africa and Northern Spain and were now in France. One of their missions was to convert these societies to Islam. They made it to the town of Poitiers, where they were defeated by Martel in 732.
8. Arabs Defeated at Battle of Poitiers and the Christian civilization was saved
9. Pepin le Bref et Charlemagne Charles Martel’s son, Pepin le Bref took over as “Maire de Palais”, and made himself king. Established a new dynasty and the kings of this dynasty were called “les Caroligiens”. Charlemagne (Pepin’s son) was the grandest king of the “Caroligiens” and was crowned emperor in 800. Contributed greatly to society, by establishing towns, routes and schools and the formation of a clergy. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTTaVnZyG2g
10. The end of Charlemagne’s dynasty and the invasion of the Normands After death of Charlemagne, the “Caroligien” dynasty was divided among his 3 grandsons. This caused it to weaken, which encouraged new invasions, most notably by the Scandavian people referred to as the “men of the north” (“normands”). France gave up large area of north to appease this group, and this area was named “Normandie”
11. Guillaume le Conquérant Power duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and defeated the king of England at the Battle of Hastings. Crowned himself King of England Feudalism (upper nobility had power) and language of Normands brought to England http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ8A5gRe_Dw
12. France VS. Angleterre Bloody battles between France and England lasted for centuries. Kings of England (descendants of Guillaume) , owned, through marriages, almost half of France by now. For this fact, kings of both countries were in war for so long.
13. Saint-Louis and the Crusades 11ème siècle: Crusaders wanted to liberate Jerusalem, which had been occupied by the Turcs King Louis IX (NEUF) was one of the greatest crusaders, and the son of Blanche de Castille, an intelligent and pious woman. Took on 2 crusades in Jerusalem and died of the plague during the 2nd crusade. Is referred to as Saint-Louis and 1 of greatest kings of France
14. Crusades (cont) Lasted more than 200 years Led to dissolution of feudalism because the kings had to sell much of their lands to finance their expeditions Brought about exchange of ideas and goods between great civilizations of East and West, which encouraged development of towns and long commercial routes Liberation of Jerusalem never achieved, but Crusades brought much advancement to West
15. 100 Years War (France VS. Angleterre---encore!) 14th century, king Edouard III of England started once again wars between France and England to seize throne of France (called 100 Years War----1337-1453) Two great battles of this war at Crécy and Azincourt were won by the English Successors of Edouard III continued war until death of Charles VI (king of France, who, in 1422, signed treaty in which he gave France to England
16. Jeanne d’Arc England now occupied a large of France, including Paris, Reims and Bordeaux Jeanne d’Arc, a courageous and pious young girl wanted to save her country. Undertook long trip from Domrémy to Chinon to see the eldest son of king of France (le dauphin) to convince him to battle English Won battle of Orléans
17. Jeanne d’Arc (cont.) After victory at battle of Orléans, Jeanne d’Arc and dauphin went to Reims and dauphin was crowned King Charles VII. Jeanne d’Arc continued to the battle of Compiègne, where she was captured by the Bourguignons, allies of the English. Bourgignons sold her to the English and accused her of being a sorcerer and she was burned at stake. 100 Years war ended a few years after her death when the English were finally driven out of France. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQydMhY9OpI
18. Louis XI After 100 Years War, people realized the importance of one unified central government under a powerful monarch. Sires of feudal systems voluntarily submitted to king because they had lost power 2 dukes refused to submit to king: Duke of Bretagne Duke of Bourgogne wanted to enlarge duchy
19. Louis XI et son fils Charles VIII Defeated duke of Bourgogne (led by Charles de Téméraire) and Bourgogne again became part of kingdom of France. At death of Louis XI, Bretagne remained the only part that was not united with France. Louis XI’s son, Charles VIII, married Anne, the duchess of Bretagne and finally Bretagne was once again part of France. Charles VIII=king of grand united kingdom
20. Unification of France and François Ier (premier) With France now having all of its territories, Charles VIII and his cousin, Louis XII, wanted to gain duchies of Naples and Milan in the then weak land of Italy François Ier succeeded Charles VIII and continued expeditions in Italy Never acquired parts of Italy, but France was greatly influenced by Italian architecture, in marking the beginning of the Renaissance
21. Italian influence (Francois Ier cont.) Italian architectural influence is seen in the beautiful chateaux of Loire valley, including Chatque de Chambord and Fontainebleau (which is not far from Paris). François Ier encouraged greatly the development of French art, education and literature. Popular writers and poets at this time: Rabelais, Montaigne, Ronsard (poet)
22. Henri IV/Catholicism and Protestantism Conflicts During the Renaissance, a large religious movement, which encouraged protestantism in Germany by Martin Luther began, called la Réforme. Henri de Navarre, a Huguenot (and protestant) had succeeded his cousin and took over in France, but people would not crown him king because he wasn’t catholic. Finally converted and was accepted as King Henri IV
23. Henri IV (cont) Referring to as “le bon roi Henri” because of the prosperity of France under his reign. Was best known for his “Édit de Nantes”, which authorized protestants to freely practice their religion. This was the first edict at that time period to have ever been established for religious freedom. Henri IV was assassinated in 1610 after 16 years of reigning, by a religious fanatic, Ravaillac. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOOInlkhL8A&feature=related
24. Louis XIII, Marie de Médicis(son and wife of Henri IV) Son of Henri IV (Louis XIII) was only 9 when his dad was assassinated Marie de Médicis, his wife, who ruled until Louis XIII became an adult. When Louis XIII took over, France was in trouble, but luckily had cardinal Richelieu as his adviser. Richelieu never hesitated to take action when necessary to stop conflicts between nobles, as well as religious conflicts. Richelieu paved the way for the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV.
25. Louis XIV and the Absolute Monarchy “L’étatc’estmoi”: I am the state. 17ème siècle His living quarters were the most magnificent in Europe. Had Versailles gardens built, which include the “Galerie des Glaces”, the Hall of Mirrors. Encouraged education, literature, arts Named “Roi Soleil” (Sun King) because of his brilliant court
26. Louis XIV (cont.) Reigned 72 years! Fought many victorious battles including against Spain, England and Germany, which became costly.  People of France had to finance these wars by paying outrageous taxes, and were not happy. He also overturned the Edith of Nantes (that was written by Henri IV) and made the Huguenots (Protestants) flee France. This caused problems, as they were a very productive part of France. Despite the unfortunate fleeing of the Huguenots, the AcadémieFrançaise was established, which conserved the purity, clarity and eloquence of the French language. Great French writers of this century included Corneille, Descartes, Racine, Molière ( very famous comedian/writer). This time period was called “L’Àge d’Or”. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdX3pe6Bt7c
27. Louis XV Great grandson of Louis XIV, took over after Louis XIV. Committed same errors as Louis XIV, including wars and spending. Il a dit: “Après moi, le déluge.” (after me, the flood) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D32g88i_i5w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05VRVa_vxBo&NR=1
28. Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette Marie-Antoinette, Louis XVI’s wife, was an Austrian young lady who liked to spend a lot. Writers Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau helped “fire up” the citizens of France who were not happy about the treasury being depleted (France running out of money). They also influenced other European countries and even the colonies in America to want a democracy and independence. Benjamin Franklin (first American ambassador to the court of Louis XVI) came to France for military and financial aid in the fight for independence from England. Because of England and France’s long history of conflict, Louis XVI was happy to help. They gave the colonies financial and military aide, notable the marquis LaFayette, who helped the colonies. The treasury was gone and Louis XVI called to action the Etats-Généraux (Estates General), which consisted of the nobles, clergy and bourgeoisie and people of the state. They were to make a decision on raising taxes.
29. Louis XVI (cont.)/Storming of Bastille Because of the way the system was set up, the clergy and nobles didn’t have to pay taxes, so the people in the “tier état” (third estate) didn’t have much of a say in decisions of the government. After being fed up, they stormed the Bastille prison, which held political prisoners and destroyed the prison on July 14, 1789. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4K1q9Ntcr5g&feature=related
30. RévolutionFrançaise King Louis XVI tried to flee France with his family, but was arrested, emprisoned and eventually beheaded by the guillotine in 1793. The people abolished the monarchy to establish a republic in France. Other monarchies in Europe, alarmed by this event, formed coalitions against France, so France was threatened by the outside, as well as the royalists on the inside.
31. Maximilien Robespierre (Révolution cont.) Robespierre, a large influence during the French revolution, put to death thousands of suspects who were against France being a republic. This included the Queen Marie-Antoinette. His reign of terror only ended after his execution. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGy73YM04sc
32. Nouvelle Constitution Liberté Égalité Fraternité
33. NapoléonIer France was still under attack by European monarchies, so it needed a strong leader. Napoléon Bonaparte, 26, was named “Premier Consul” (leader of France) and 5 years later, emperor took the name “NapoléonIer (premier)” He did a lot of good for Paris, including editing the civil code (Code Napoléon), which still exists. Invaded Moscow (in Russia), but were running out of food and protection and it turned disastrous after 2 years. 1814, forced to abdicate (give up throne)
34. NapoléonIer (cont.) Was exiled at island of Elbe, not far from Corse where he was born. 1 year later, people of France were unhappy under the monarchy of Louis XVIII Napoleon brought his new army all the way to Belgium, where he was defeated by the English 100 days after his return at the Battle of Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington. Exiled at St. Helene island, until death in 1821 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyFbSyNKVOo
35. Louis XVIII; Charles X; (Louis-Philippe) Louis XVIII (encore); Charles X=monarch Louis-Philippe=“RoiCitoyen” In 1830, the people revolted against this restoration of the monarchy, so he had to step down. His cousin, Louis-Philippe took over. He was popular because of his simplicity, but not for long, because he was too laid back, and did not appear concerned with the people’s wishes including Universal Suffrage (the right for all to vote, not just men over the age of 21) Forced into exile by the revolution in 1848 After the 100 day Napoléon comeback and re-exile, Louis XVIII took over again with the help of other European monarchs. Charles X, brother of Louis XVIII, took over after his death and reinstated the monarchy, in the period that is called “la Restauration”.
36. Le Second Empire avec le (triflin’)Napoléon III, and Maximilien Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoléon) took over and 3 years after his election,named himself emperor in 1852. Took name “Napoléon III”. Was ambitious like his uncle and sent troops to take over in Mexico while Mexico was in political and economic turmoil. Napoleon told Maximilian (originally from Austria) that he had been chosen by the Mexicans for a monarch, but he only used him as his puppet, and this was, in fact, not the case. After one year, Napoleon III pulled his army from Mexico, and Maximilien no longer had any support He was imprisoned and shot by Benito Juarez, the leader of the Mexicans.
37. Napoleon III’s downward spiral; End of Second Empire Napoleon had failed his attempt to establish a French empire in the New World His popularity had declined in France “Premier ministre” of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, make Napoleon III declare war on Prussia, knowing nobody would come to his aide. France lost Alsace and Lorraine End of Second Empire
38. TroisièmeRépublique Constitution of 1875 Unions were established Regulated working conditions for women and children Guaranteed pensions for working class Public schools were becoming widespread and higher education was favored
39. Colonies Dans Tout le Monde France established colonies all over the world Asia: Indochine (no longer) Pacific: Tahiti, Nouvelle-Calédonie (present day) West Hemisphere: Martinique, Guadeloupe South America: GuyaneFrançaise (French Guinea) Africa: many used to be French colonies, but are all now independent, but still French-speaking (along with other languages)
40. Première Guerre Mondiale (WWI)
41. Traité de Versailles; Deuxième Guerre Mondiale)WWII Treaty of Versailles gave back Alsace and Lorraine to France, and did not allow Germany to rearm itself. Adolf Hitler took over and established a dictatorship and rejected treaty and occupied Austria and Czechoslovakia. France and England declared war on Germany. 1940, Hitler invaded France and at this time, so did Mussolini (Italian dictator) North of France=occupied by Hitler South of France=temporary government under Pétain, French hero of WWI
42. La Résistance; Charles de Gaulle The French resisted this occupation by Hitler’s troops and formed groups to fight his army. General Charles de Gaulle had escaped from France and went to Germany, where he formed army called “l’armée de la France Libre” and joined the Allies. The second group was called “la Résistance” and helped eventually stop Hitler. Invasion of Normandy was last great invasion of war in Europe France was liberated in 1945, in Reims, German army surrendered. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpKVtyZISfQ&feature=related
43. QuatrièmeRépublique(a duré 13 ans) 1947: New Constitution was written Monsieur Vincent Auriol=first president of 4th Republic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpKVtyZISfQ&feature=related Much instability during 13 years due to German occupation, war in Viet-Nam (Indochine), North African countries seeking independence, etc.
44. Charles de Gaulle Le CinquièmeRépublique René Coty, successor of Vincent Auriol, National Assembly accedpt Charles de Gaulle as the “président du Conseil des Ministres”, who really executed the powers in the government. De Gaulle revised the Constitution by referendum in 1958. Colonies of France that voted against the new constitution would automatically gain independence. GuinéeFrançaise in Africa, thus, became independent. Charles de Gaulle=president of 5th Republic
45. La Guerre en Algérie Early 60s, France was losing its influence in Algeria, which was becoming more Arab than French. Eventually, in 1962, France put an end to the war. French people living in Algeria did not want Algeria to NOT be a part of France anymore, so they were upset about the decision.
46. Les AutresPrésidents de France Name Duration of Term Political Party De Gaulle 1959-1969 Union for New Republic Alan Poher (interim) 1969 Democratic Centre Georges Pompidou 1969-1974 Union of Democrats for the Republic Alan Poher (interim) 1974 Democratic Centre Valery Giscard d’Estaing 1974-1981 Independent Republicans(‘74-’77) Union for French Democracy- Republican Party (‘77-’81) François Mittérand1981-1995 Socialist Party Jacques Chirac 1995-2007 Rally for the Republic (‘95-’02) Union for a Popular Movement (’02-’07) Nicolas Sarkozy2007-2012 Union for a Popular Movement François Hollande 2012-present Socialist Party
47. Plus de sites http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13361974 (New election-2012) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/999717.stm (France timeline)