639-643 - Draw conclusions primary sources. - Describe how the textile industry

1. 639-643- Draw conclusionsprimary sources. - Describe how the textile industry functioned under the Cottage System. 639-643- Draw conclusionsprimary sources. - Describe how the textile industry functioned under the Cottage System.

2. For _____: Finish reading the rest of Chapter 20 and create a branching diagram over your assigned section: • Marriage/Family 661-66 • Children/Education 666-72 • Food/Medicine 672-80 • Religion/Popular Culture 680-85

3. 639-643- Draw conclusionsprimary sources. - Describe how the textile industry functioned under the Cottage System.

4. Directions: • Read and study each of the documents and list the changes in the European economy of the 1700-1800s that impacted standard of living of the urban and rural working classes.

5. Directions: • Read and study each of the documents and list the changes in the European economy of the 1700-1800s that impacted the standard of living of the urban and rural working classes. Document 1: “Population in Europe, 1700-1800” Population increase in Europe would provide a larger labor force of workers.

6. Directions: • Read and study each of the documents and list the changes in the European economy of the 1700-1800s that impacted the standard of living of the urban and rural working classes. Document 2: Adam Smith, 1776 “Wealth of Nations” New economic policies such as capitalism allow for free trade, less government involvement and more economic opportunity. Document 3: Parliamentary Inquiry, 1842 Increased job opportunities for women, however, working conditions grow worse.

7. Directions: • Read and study each of the documents and list the changes in the European economy of the 1700-1800s that impacted the standard of living of the urban and rural working classes. Document 4: “Observations on Loss of Spinning…” New factory system put the entire burden of provid- ing for the family solely on the father. Document 5: Sadler Commission Testimony, 1832 Child labor was becoming more common and dangerous.

8. Growth of the Cottage Industry: The Cottage Industry • Why in the 18th century? • Population growth had increased the number of peasant in rural areas with little or no land and were eager supplement their incomes. • Urban capitalists were eager to employ them for lower wages that urban workers often demanded. • Result? • A new production system emerged often referred to as the cottage or domestic industry (home based manufacturing) or the putting-out system. • Modern scholars refer to this “change-over” period from a rural industrial development to larger scale factory industry as “protoindustrialization”.

9. Growth of the Cottage Industry: • Characteristics: • Two participants involved: • merchant capitalist loaned or “put out” raw materials. • Example – provide raw wool • rural worker processed these into a finished product. • Example – spin and weave wool into cloth • Advantages • Under employed labor was abundant so wages remained low. • Production was unregulated by the Guilds so innovation was possible. • This also allowed for a variety of goods to be manufactured as textiles, knives, housewares, buttons, clocks, gloves…

11. Growth of the Cottage Industry: • Characteristics: • Cottage Industry spread at an uneven rate in Europe: • Grew most quickly most successfully in England in the spinning/woolen textile (cloth) industry. • By 1500 half of England’s textiles were produced in rural areas. • By 1700 English industry was MORE rural than urban. • In France, Louis XIV’s finance minister Colbert encouraged rural Cottage Industry as a way to fight the poverty of the Third Estate (commoners, peasants). • Later, in German states and Low Countries as strength of guilds declined, cottage industry spread.

12. Changes in the Economy: • How did the textile industry function under the Cottage System? • The textile industry was the largest employer or rural workers in the Cottage System. • Working conditions • Rural workers lived and worked in very small single room cottages. • Loom technology improved: • John Kay’s “flying shuttle” sped up the weaving process. • Samuel Crompton’s “spinning mule” sped up the spinning process. • Entire family worked, young and old.

13. Changes in the Economy: • How did the textile industry function under the Cottage System? • Usually women and children prepared the raw materials and spun the thread while men did the actual weaving. • With technological improvement came one problem? • Four or five spinners were needed to keep ONE weaver busy. • So, the family in constant need of workers such as “spinsters” (widows or unmarried women). • This also made them into small capitalist employers.

14. Changes in the Economy: • How did the textile industry function under the Cottage System? • Other problems included: • Strained relations between workers and employers. • Constant struggle to keep wages low. • Disputes over weights of material and quality. • Since rural workers were scattered, they were hard to supervise. • After workers were paid Saturday afternoon they often took a few days off, including “holy Monday” since it was religiously taken off. • Then they rushed to finish the next batch.